Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Kazakhstan
and 
Latvia 
has separate chapters in the Criminal Procedure Code dedicated to 
the issues of special criminal confiscation prior to conviction or non-conviction based one. Thus, Chapter 71 
of the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan (entered into force on 1 January 2018) regulates a procedure 
of confiscation of the property illegally obtained prior to conviction. Such confiscation is possible in the 
events when a person is put on the international wanted list or criminal prosecution has been terminated on 
such grounds as death of the person, amnesty and expiry of the period of limitation for bringing to criminal 
responsibility. At that, crime investigator initiates pre-trial procedure of confiscation to prove ownership of 
the suspected, accused person or third person; connection of the property with crime serving as a ground for 
application of confiscation; circumstances of acquiring of the property by third person or those serving as a 
ground to assume that it has been acquired as a result of offence. After establishing sufficient evidence that 
property has been illegally acquired, the prosecution submits a request to the court to enable confiscation. 
At the same time, Article 670 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan, upon description of the issues 
subject to be settled by the court during the proceeding for confiscation prior to conviction, refers to Article 
48 of the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan. However, paragraph 1 of Article 48 of the Criminal Code describes 
forfeiture and conversion to state property of only the property owned by a convicted person, acquired 
through crime or with funds obtained through criminal activity, as well as instruments and means of crime, 


62 
 
and although paragraph 2 of Article 48 of the Criminal Code also contains reference to the property 
transferred by a convicted person for possession by other persons, it is yet considered to be insufficient for 
the efficient functioning of Article 71 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Kazakhstan upon effect of the 
existing wording of Article 48 of the Criminal Code, which, as it is deemed, requires further improvement. 
In 
Latvia,
Articles 70-11 to 70-14 of the Criminal Code and Article 27 of the Criminal Procedure Code 
regulate issues of confiscation of property acquired through crime. However, such special confiscation 
covers instrumentalities intended or used for the commission of a crime, as well as property obtained directly 
or indirectly as a result of a crime, proceeds from the disposal of and profits from the use of the property 
(Articles 70-11, 70-12 of the Criminal Code). The procedure consists of two phases: 1) recognition that the 
property has been acquired criminally; and 2) confiscation or recovery of the property. In accordance with 
Article 356 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Latvia, Property may be recognised as criminally acquired 
by a court adjudication that has entered into effect, or by a decision of a public prosecutor regarding the 
termination of criminal proceedings. 
At the stage of pre-trial investigation, property can also be recognized as such by a decision of district (city) 
court, if the person performing the proceeding has enough evidence, which does not raise any doubts with 
respect to criminal nature of property (its connection with the crime), or by a decision of a person performing 
the proceeding, if during the investigation property was found or seized from suspected, accused person or 
third party, and with this respect property owner or lawful possessor before that informed on loss of such 
property, and after it had been found, he or she proved ownership of such property assuaging any reasonable 
doubt. 
According to Article 358 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Latvia, property acquired through crime is 
subject to confiscation based on a court decision, if there is no requirement of further maintenance of such 
property for the purpose of criminal proceeding, and if there is no need to return it to the owner (lawful 
possessor), and received financial resources are subject to transfer to a state budget. If such property had 
been taken, destroyed, hidden or concealed, and therefore its confiscation is not possible, other property and 
financial resources in value equivalent of the property can be confiscated. If the accused person does not 
have property that can be confiscated in accordance with this Article, then the following assets can be 
confiscated: 1) property transferred by the accused person to a third person after the crime without related 
payment; 2) property of a spouse of the accused person if separate property ownership has not been 
conditioned minimum a year prior to perpetration of a criminal act; 3) property of other person, if the accused 
person had a joint (undivided) household with such person. 
According to Article 70-14 of the Criminal Code of Latvia, if the object of the crime belongs to a third 
person, its value must be confiscated. If the property obtained by criminal means has been disposed of, 
destroyed, disguised or hidden, due to which confiscation became impossible, its corresponding value is 
subject to confiscation. When confiscation of property is applied, the property subject to confiscation can be 
replaced by financial means equivalent to the value of the property. Property that has historical, artistic or 
scientific value, however, cannot be replaced. If the property obtained by criminal means cannot be 
confiscated because it was alienated, destroyed, hidden or disguised, and the offender has no other property 
that can be recovered, the following property can be confiscated: 1) property that was alienated by the 
perpetrator after the commission of the crime for free or for a price significantly lower than the market price; 
2) the property in the joint ownership of the offender and his/her spouse, unless the spouses have a 
documented agreement on property separation concluded at least one year prior to the commission of the 
crime; 3) property belongs to another person with whom the offender shared a joint household, if the property 
was acquired after the commission of the criminal activity. 

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