Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Serbia’s
Law of on Seizure and Confiscation of Proceeds from Crime
‘proceeds from crime’ shall denote the assets and other benefits, which represent a direct or indirect 
consequence of committed crime, and any property item into which such benefits have been converted or 
with which they have been intermingled. Similar approach is applied in Article 3 of 
Montenegro’s
Law on 
Seizure and Confiscation of Pecuniary Gains from Criminal Activity. 
In accordance with Article 83-1 of the Criminal Code of 
Estonia
, if the assets acquired through commission 
of crime have been intermingled with other assets, such assets represent the assets partly acquired through a 
crime. When the criminal proceeds have been intermingled to the property acquired from legitimate sources, 
the confiscation will be substituted with the procedure set forth in Article 84 of Estonia (substitution of 
confiscation).
According to paragraph 2 of Article 96-2 of the Criminal Code of 
Ukraine
, if the criminal proceeds have 
been converted, fully or partly, into another property, such fully or partly converted property shall be liable 
to special confiscation. If, at the time of rendering a decision on special confiscation, the confiscation of 
criminal proceeds is inapplicable due to the impossibility to separate such proceeds from the property 
acquired from legitimate source, the court shall render a decision on confiscation of the money equivalent to 
the value of such property. In 
Romania’s
Law No. 656 on the prevention and sanctioning of money 
17
According to Georgia's comments, the transformed property can be confiscated in case of conviction for money laundering. 


30 
 
laundering and combating terrorism financing, similar approach is observed with respect to offences therein 
(Article 33). In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Criminal Code of 
Albania
, if the criminal 
offence’s proceeds are transformed or partly or fully converted into other assets, the latter is subject to 
confiscation
18
.
According to paragraph 4 of Part I of Article 52 of the Criminal Code of 
Kyrgyzstan
, subject to confiscation 
is also the property or part thereof which corresponds to the assessed value of the intermingled criminal 
proceeds, if such criminal proceeds have been intermingled to the property acquired from legitimate source. 
One should bear in mind that, although the legislation of some countries includes the concept such as ‘mixed 
proceeds of crime’, clear regulations for confiscation are not necessarily in place (only just the intermingled 
property, or the money equivalent of the intermingled property, or the intermingled property in full is subject 
to confiscation; whether profit and other benefits from such proceeds are subject to confiscation or not, if 
yes, to what extent). Moreover, the questionnaire did not generate information about judiciary practice in 
confiscation of intermingled property and profit therefrom. Many countries directly indicated that they lack 
the judiciary practice in confiscation of criminal proceeds of this type. 
The lack of the ‘mixed proceed of crime’ concept in the legislation of any given country may be compensated 
by the existence of effective forms and mechanisms of confiscation of property to the equivalent amount in 
cases where the criminal proceeds, due to manipulations with them (intermingling, transforming
converting), could not be ascertained, which is discussed hereafter.

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