Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

natural
and 
legal
persons
. At the same time
paragraph 25 of the Preamble specifies that Member States are free to define third party confiscation as 
subsidiary or alternative to direct confiscation, as appropriate in accordance with national law. In this regard, 
Article 6 of the Directive (Confiscation from a third party) directly binds the Member States to take the 
necessary measures to enable the confiscation of proceeds, or other property the value of which corresponds 
to proceeds, which, directly or indirectly, were transferred by a suspected or accused person to third parties, 
or which were acquired by third parties from a suspected or accused person, at least if those third parties 
knew or ought to have known that the purpose of the transfer or acquisition was to avoid confiscation, on the 
basis of concrete facts and circumstances, including that the transfer or acquisition was carried out free of 
charge or in exchange for an amount significantly lower than the market value. 
The questionnaire results show that the legislation and/or judicial practice of the majority of ACN countries 
affords grounds to confiscate the instrumentalities used to commit and proceeds derived from corruption 
offences that belong to third party persons (natural and legal persons), inclusive of the nominal owners. For 


36 
 
example, confiscation of corruption proceeds registered in the name of nominal owners is enabled in 
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Romania, Georgia, Slovenia, Ukraine (from 2016) and other countries. 
Thus, in accordance with Article 83 of the Criminal Code of 
Estonia
, the objects used to commit a criminal 
offence, which belong to a third person at the time of making the judgment by a court, may be confiscated, 
if this person: 1) assisted to commit or prepare a criminal offence by negligence in the very least; 2) acquired, 
in full or in the essential part, on account of the offender, as a present or in any other manner for a price 
which is considerably lower than the normal market price; or 3) knew that the assets were transferred to the 
person in order to avoid confiscation. 
According to Article 73 of the Criminal Code of 

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