Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

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legislation regulates the beneficiary property issue in detail. In particular, according to 
Article 1 of the Law on Prevention and Counteraction to Legalisation (Laundering) of the Proceeds from 
Crime or Terrorism Financing, as well as Financing Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, dated 
2014, the ultimate beneficial owner (controller) is defined as a natural person who, regardless of formal 
ownership, is in the position to exercise decisive influence on the governance or economic activity of a legal 
person directly or through other persons, including, by exercising the rights to own or use all or majority of 
the assets, to exercise decisive influence on forming the composition, voting results, as well as to close deals, 
which enable to determine the conditions for economic activity, to give compulsory instructions and act as 
a governing body, or who is in the position to exercise influence, both by direct and indirect (through another 
legal or natural person) ownership, independently or jointly with affiliated natural and/or legal persons with 
in a legal person to the amount of 25 or larger percent of the charter capital, or voting rights in a legal person. 
The ultimate beneficial owner (controller) may not be the person who holds the formal right for 25 or larger 
percent of the charter capital or voting rights in a legal person, but, at the same time, is an agent,
nominal 
holder (nominal owner) or is just an intermediary with respect to such right. 
Moreover, Article 46 of the Law of Ukraine on Prevention of Corruption, dated 2014 (with amendments 
dated 2015) specifies an obligation for declaring agents (a wide range of public sector workers) to indicate, 
in the electronic declaration, the legal persons, in which they or their family members are the ultimate 
beneficial owners (controllers). Additionally, declaring agents who hold positions of high or highest 
importance (in total, approximately 100 thousand individuals) must also indicate the assets, including 
proceeds, which are the property rights objects of a third person, if a declaring agent or their family member 
gains or has the right to gain proceeds from this object, or is in the position to, directly or indirectly (through 


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other legal or natural persons), perform, with respect to this object, actions that are identical within the 
context of exercising the right to dispose the object. Thereby, the Law of Ukraine introduces a distinct 
concept of 

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