Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


Croatia , which entitles the court to foresee such payment by instalment.  In accordance with Article 70-14 of the Criminal Code of  Latvia



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Croatia
, which entitles the court to foresee such payment by instalment. 
In accordance with Article 70-14 of the Criminal Code of 
Latvia
(entered into force on 1 August 2017), if 
the object of the criminal offence belongs to another person, its value must be confiscated. If property 
obtained by criminal means has been disposed of, destroyed, disguised or hidden and its confiscation is 
impossible due to this, its equivalent value must also be confiscated. When confiscation of property is 
applied, the property subject to confiscation can be replaced by financial means equivalent to the value of 
the property. Property that has a historical, artistic or scientific value cannot be replaced.
The Criminal Code of 
Lithuania
also envisages the confiscation only of the monetary equivalent of property 
or part thereof, which has been subjected to confiscation, adding to the grounds for its application the 
situations in which the rapid confiscation of such property itself is not possible (paragraph 5 of Article 72-3 
of Criminal Code of Lithuania). Such monetary equivalent may be confiscated both from the offender and 
from third persons (subject to adherence to legal grounds for application of the confiscation in respect of 
third persons), instead of the actual instrumentalities and proceeds of crime
20
.
This approach is applied in the criminal law of 
Estonia
(Article 84 of the Criminal Code), yet the criminal 
law doctrine states that assets are not transferred to the State, and the person undertakes to pay the monetary 
equivalent, in which case the court does not specify the property matters to serve as source for the payment. 
According to paragraph 2 of Article 96-2 of the Criminal Code of 
Ukraine
, if, at the time of rendering a 
decision on special confiscation, the confiscation of money, valuables, and other property is inapplicable 
because it is being used or due to the impossibility to separate it from the property acquired from a legitimate 
source, to disposal or other reasons, the court shall render a decision on confiscation of the money equivalent 
to the value of such property. Similar rule is provided in paragraph 3 of Article 48 of the Criminal Code of 

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