Chapter II. Parts of speech and its types

Conclusion on chapter I
This course work is devoted to the classification of parts of speech in English and Russian.
Parts of speech are the most common classes of words, their lexical and grammatical categories, which differ from each other in grammatical meaning, morphological features (inventory of word forms and paradigms, word formation features) and syntactic functions. The doctrine of parts of speech presupposes a number of principles for describing a part of speech and applying these principles to the characterization of an individual word as a representative of one or another part of speech.
The commonality between the grammatical properties of Russian and English is determined by their common belonging to the Indo-European family and is manifested in the presence of common grammatical meanings, categories and functions, for example: categories of number for nouns, categories of degrees of comparison for adjectives, categories of tense for a verb, functional significance of word order and etc.
At the same time, the difference in the principles of the grammatical structure, expressed in the belonging of these languages ​​to different grammatical groups, is reflected in significant differences between grammatical properties, for example, in the existence of dissimilar grammatical categories: articles in English, gerunds in Russian; full agreement in Russian, fixed word order in English; etc.
Thus, the purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative analysis of the parts of speech in Russian and English. Identify common and distinctive features in both languages. To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
consider different approaches to the definition of the concept of "part of speech"
consider the classification of parts of speech in English

CHAPTER II. Parts of speech and its types

2.1. Noun and pronoun
The noun is a part of speech. A noun is a part of speech that designates an object and expresses this meaning in terms of gender, number, and case [2].
From a semantic point of view, words that are nouns are extremely diverse: these are words denoting living beings, specific objects and phenomena of objective reality (welder, sister, frog, floor, bed, collective farm, spring, rain), and words denoting various abstract concepts, including qualities and properties, actions and states (blue, jump, improvement), but they all have a common objective meaning.
A quality or property in a noun is expressed independently, in abstraction from the object or phenomenon to which it is inherent, cf .: straight (straight path, straight line) and straightness, attentive (attentive student, attentive attitude) and attentiveness. The action or state in a noun is also expressed abstractly, always in abstraction from the producer and not flowing in time, cf .: dream, dream, dream, you will dream and dream; walked, walk, would walk and walking, walking.
Any noun, with the exception of those used only in the plural, necessarily belongs to one of the three genders, that is, it is either a masculine word (October, space, key), or a feminine word (water, earth, help), or a neuter word (art, summary, discovery). Each noun is either a singular form (comrade, song, children, reading), or a plural form (comrades, songs, tongs, day).
Syntactically, for nouns, the most characteristic is the use in the sentence primarily as subjects and objects (although they can also act as definitions and circumstances), as well as the ability to be determined by adjectives, which in this case agree with them in gender, number, case. Depending on the function of which member of the sentence the nouns act, they are used in different cases, which, along with prepositions, are, as it were, indicators of their syntactic properties [2].
Pronouns are the words you substitute for specific nouns when the reader or listener knows which specific noun you’re referring to. 
You might say “Jennifer was supposed to be here at eight,” then follow it with “she’s always late; next time I’ll tell her to be here a half-hour earlier.” 
Instead of saying Jennifer’s name three times in a row, you substituted she and her and your sentences remained grammatically correct. Pronouns are divided into a range of categories, and we cover them all in our guide to pronouns:
Pronouns do a whole lot more than turn phrases into sentences. They provide context, make your sentences’ meanings clearer, and shape how we perceive people and things. Read on to learn about the different ways we use pronouns and how to use them to construct sentences. There’s a lot to understand about pronouns, and even if you already understand a lot of it subliminally, reading a comprehensive guide to pronouns’ uses and purposes (complete with examples!) can strengthen your grasp of English grammar and make you a stronger writer.