Different types of semantic groups: morphological and lexico-grammatical classes, thematic and ideographic groups, terminological classes. Neologisms, occasionalism, nonce-words. Archaismsms, obsolete words, historisms, e

Different types of semantic groups: morphological and lexico-grammatical classes, thematic and ideographic groups, terminological classes. Neologisms, occasionalism, nonce-words. Archaisms, obsolete words, historisms. Euphemisms informal vocabulary.

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Turdalieva
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MORPHOLOGICAL AND LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL GROUPING
On the morphological level words are divided into four groups according to their morphological structure, namely the number and
type of morphemes which compose them.

They are:

1. Root or morpheme words. Their stem contains one free morpheme, e.g. dog, hand. 2. Derivatives contain no less than two morphemes of which at least one is bound, e . g . dogged, doggedly, handy, handful; sometimes both are bound: terrier. 3. Compound words consist of not less than two free morphemes, the presence of bound morphemes is possible but not necessary, e. g. dogcheap ‘very cheap’; dog-days ‘hottest part of the year’; handball, handbook. 4. Compound derivatives consist of not less than two free morphemes and one bound morpheme referring to the whole combination. The pattern is (stem+stem) +suffix, e. g. dog-legged ‘crooked or bent like a dog’s hind leg’, left-handed.

W o r d -f a m i l i e s

The number of groups is certainly much greater, being equal to the number of root morphemes if all the words are grouped according to the root morpheme.
For example: dog, doggish, doglike, doggy/doggie, to dog, dogged, doggedly, doggedness, dog-wolf, dog-days, dogbiscuit, dog-cart, etc.; hand, handy, handicraft, handbag, handball, handful, handmade, handsome, etc

THEMATIC AND IDEOGRAPHIC GROUPS. A further subdivision within the lexico-grammatical groups is achieved in the well-known thematic subgroups, such as terms of kinship, names for parts of the human body, colour terms, military terms and so on. The basis of grouping this time is not only linguistic but also extralinguistic: the words are associated, because the things they name occur together and are closely connected in reality. It has been found that these words constitute quite definitely articulated spheres held together by differences, oppositions and distinctive values. For an example it is convenient to turn to the adjectives. These are known to be subdivided into qualitative and relative lexico-grammatical groups. Among the first, adjectives that characterise a substance for shape, colour, physical or mental qualities, speed, size, etc. are distinguished.