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The structure of the research consists of: An introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
Chapter I. Classification of parts of speech in English
Different approaches to the definition of the concept of "part of speech"
The development of linguistic thought, associated with the development of science in general, as well as the ever deeper study of languages of various systems, caused the former classical system of parts of speech to be revised.
F. I. Buslaev (1818-1897) distinguished two groups of parts of speech - significant, to which he attributed the noun, adjective and verb, and service parts of speech - pronoun, numeral, preposition, union and adverb. A. A. Potebnya (1835-1891), while maintaining the basic division of parts of speech into significant and auxiliary, included adverbs among the first, and particles and auxiliary verbs among the second; pronouns occupy a separate place in his system.
A very special classification of words by category was developed by Acad. F. F. Fortunatov (1848-1914). He based his classification on only one criterion - morphological, that is, the presence or absence of a grammatical form or, as we would now say, the ability or inability of a word to attach one or another word-changing morphemes. He divides all the words of the language into full words denoting objects of thought, partials and interjections.
Full words can have a form, that is, "the ability of individual words to distinguish from themselves for the consciousness of the speakers the formal and basic affiliation of the word."
Complete words are divided into two classes: 1) the class of words with inflection forms and 2) the class of words without inflection forms. Words with inflection forms are divided into: a) conjugated words, that is, verbs; b) inflected words, that is, nouns; c) words inflected with gender agreement, that is, adjectives [1].
In declined words, he distinguishes: a) personal nouns, that is, pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person; b) non-personal nouns, which include a) noun-nouns, that is, words-names, and b) nouns-non-personal pronouns.
In the class of words without change, F. F. Fortunatov includes the infinitive, the participle, as well as indeclinable nouns and adverbs.
However, this classification, based on only one criterion, has not been further developed[1].
Under the classifying meaning, it is customary to understand the general meaning of the words of each part of speech. For example, for nouns this is the meaning of objectivity, for adjectives it is a sign, for verbs it is a process, etc. These meanings distinguish the words of one part of speech from another, so they are used to classify words into classes (parts of speech). Since parts of speech are categories of words, the classifying meaning is also called the categorical meaning.
Unlike the lexical meaning, which belongs to only one specific word and is its individual semantic feature, the classifying meaning is a generalized meaning of the whole part of speech, abstracted from the specific semantics of words. So, the adjectives white, pink, black denote color; angry, kind, evil - the mental properties of a person; upper, lower, internal - spatial relations; morning, evening, early, late - temporary relationships. Along with this, all the above adjectives denote a sign of an object: white snow, a kind person, early morning.
The morphological features used in the classification of words into parts of speech include: 1) mutability / invariability of words, the type and features of their change (declension, conjugation); 2) a set of grammatical categories of words and their specificity [2].
In Russian, there are words that are changeable and unchangeable. Variables include nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns, verbs. Adverbs, gerunds, category of state, function words, modal words, interjections, onomatopoeia are invariable. As part of some changeable parts of speech, there are separate groups of unchangeable words. For example, among nouns, a significant group of so-called indeclinable words stands out: taxi, pas de deux, pas de trois, tsunami, Mississippi. Individual adjectives do not decline: Komi language, khaki suit. Changed words differ in the type of change - some are inclined, others are conjugated. The inflection paradigms of different parts of speech are not the same.
Each part of speech has its own complex of grammatical categories, characterized by its specific content.
The syntactic properties of parts of speech include: 1) ways of connecting them with other words; 2) syntactic functions.
Different parts of speech have different compatibility with other words, have different ways of syntactic connection with other words. So, the participle and the adjective never combine with each other. The adjective does not form phrases with the verb. A preposition and an adjective, a preposition and an adverb do not combine. But prepositions are widely and freely combined with nouns and separate categories of pronouns and numerals [2].
The words of each part of speech have their own typical syntactic functions. So, nouns are most often used in the function of the subject or object. Adjectives, participles, pronouns-adjectives play the role of a definition. They do not perform the functions of members of the sentence, for example, modal and auxiliary words.
When classifying parts of speech, it is necessary to take into account all the features of words: classifying (categorical) meaning, morphological and syntactic properties. This is especially important when defining the boundaries of parts of speech [2].
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