Badalova soxiba pardayevna contrastive analysis of professional lexicon in english and uzbek languages

1.1.1. Lexicon functioning
It's worth highlighting that no absolute synonyms exist, therefore words aren't "so interchangeable". The thesis regarding lexical units being recalled in contexts needs to be clarified: a person remembers the most frequent context actualizations, but «assembly» from the core lexicon is dependent on speech mechanisms (derivational, combinational, etc.) that appear to have intrinsic character. Words, for example, are subject to unconscious processes of synthesis, analysis, comparison, i.e. conceptualization and classification in an individual's consciousness, interacting with the products of previous perception processing. As a result, the meanings are broken down into attribute and attribute characteristic categories (differentiation processes). Furthermore, there is a divergence from different qualities (integration processes), resulting in a larger degree of generalization¹⁶. This enables the formation of two types of units: differential attributes and generalizing components with varying levels of integrity. The outcomes of these processes may be ejected through the "awareness window". They may be resistant to verbalization because they operate "behind the scenes", allowing for the actualization of some recoding products to enter consciousness. As a result, a word becomes part of the most extensive network of multilateral ties and relationships. These connections must include converting the results to a common code and using it as a tool for abstract thinking. Visual associations with the word can be combined into complex mental representations that operate as higher rank units, ensuring simultaneous storage of a large amount of data.
Lexical meanings are nothing more than a codification of stable collections of abstract semantic features. This refers to a disconnection from the context that is associated with the majority of language use features in social life. Lexicon researchers also feel it isn't organized as a list since that would be too rudimentary. It instead has a complicated structure with numerous outputs. Some linguists have interesting ideas concerning the core of the lexicon. When expressions are created, the selected concepts are applied to those signs in the lexicon that have units with a required set of semantic components. The core and perimeter of the vocabulary are thus constructed. The lexicon core denotes words in their "closest" meanings, which mirror daily concepts: The core consists of components of distinct meaning that elicit mental imagery quickly. They serve as the foundation for a number of other terms in this category that have more abstract meanings. The shift from "sensual concretes" to "abstracts" is ensured by key words. As a result, many authors consider a language's lexicon to be the final code¹⁷.
As a matter of fact, all related objects in a human memory are blended into average findings. These average products are signals that serve to replace a variety of homogeneous objects. Thus, a person thinks of an oak, a birch, or a fir-tree as generalized images, despite having seen these objects a thousand times in various shapes during his or her lifetime.
It's worth noting that a simple examination of how humans remember a forgotten word reveals that there are numerous "paths" to obtaining the forgotten word. Words are obviously ordered alphabetically, and there are synonymic and antonymic word rows. Lexicons appear to be organized into lexico - semantic or theme fields, as well as stylistic and terminological categories. There are undoubtedly grammar and syntactic differentiations, as well as integration, for example, by parts of speech, functions in expressions, and so on, in addition to such paradigmatic structuring.
The most common terminology should, of course, be included in the lexicon core. As a result, one might argue that awareness has a "counter" that continuously counts the number of usages (surely, traditional) and generates a word uses index or citing frequency index for a phrase or a term. Regular words and structures "accumulate" extensive links, making them easier to find; they are always "on the tongue." The use of mechanisms (derivational, combinational, etc.) in the lexicon can result in «assembly» from the primary dictionary during the construction of phrases.
As linguistic meanings are essentially anchored in words, the lexicon is the basic knowledge foundation for linguistic meanings. Any expansions or extensions of linguistic meanings are dependent on the creation of larger structures from lexicon constituents. That is, as larger constructs are formed from words, linguistic meanings emerge from the constructions of more complex meanings. Meanings are thus a superposition of formulas for syntactic constructs formed from words from this standpoint. Natural language processing necessitates semantic processing due to the in-depth representation of multiple levels of natural language and the extraction of significant information about meaning-bearing elements from linguistic structures. A natural language's lexicon contains all lexical elements, or words. The lexicon of any natural language is, in a sense, a collection of idiosyncratic and irregular bits of information¹⁸. This does not, however, imply that the language is not bound by rules. Even within a language's vocabulary, a number of morphological and syntactic regularities can be conveyed. Idioms like 'kick the bucket' and 'beat about the bush' are whole sentences that are syntactically built but not semantically developed.
Even if such idioms are required to be listed in dictionaries, they follow grammatical principles because we don't have 'the bush about beat' instead of 'beat about the bush.' Similarly, the past and past participle forms of verbs like 'sing' and 'ring' must be specified in the lexicon, but their forms have a rule-like consistency. This also applies to the words 'breed' and 'bleed.'
Nonetheless, within the vast ensemble of linguistic systems that includes syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology, there is no doubting that the lexicon is the least abstract system. The lexicon of a natural language is the linguistic system that is closest to cultural conventions, language use contingencies, and the outside world. Furthermore, while each person may know a few thousand words, the full vocabulary of a language cannot be claimed to be contained within one's brain. Rather, a language's lexicon is stored in a linguistic community's collective inter-subjective memory¹⁹. Due to the definability of rules over their domains, other language systems (such as syntax, semantics, morphology, and phonology) tend to be systematic and thus axiomatic in character. On the other hand, the majority of a lexicon's contents must be learned item by item, with a smaller number of rules that may aid streamline the learning of the lexicon's semi-regular features. This means that a language's lexicon comprises and specifies diverse pieces of information that include and integrate phonological, syntactic, semantic, and possibly pragmatic aspects. In a sense, the lexicon's organization is such that each lexical item contains and generates a certain quantity of information. Insofar as each lexical item contains a certain level of uncertainty with an accompanying likelihood, the lexicon becomes a kind of repository with an enormously different range of lexical items, each storing an amount of information. This is the form of the lexicon that makes it insensitive to the creation of rules via induction, at least in part. That is, once we construct a rule in syntax, semantics, or even phonology for a certain domain, we infer that the rule will apply to the entire range of items inside the domain. We don't have to go through each item one by one to see if the rule we've created applies to them all. The axiomatic nature of rules helps to reduce the immensity of information by confining it to the symbols of the axiom(s) in question. The lexicon of a language, on the other hand, is full of surprises when one learns the vocabulary of a language.