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The most important property of the “wet-on-wet” application was that the pre-coat, which was only
allowed to dry physically, had to withstand the clearcoat just after the pre-coat had been applied.
Other factors were the influence of solvents in the clearcoat, and the mechanical impact of spray
application onto the pre-coat layer. Physical drying had therefore to be as efficient as possible, but
the orientation of aluminium pigments, the most important precondition for the metallic effect,
was not to be impaired. Aluminium pigments had to be perfectly distributed in the effect coat
layer and to be homogeneously immobilised in that layer after physical drying. Finally, the two
layers of metallic basecoat – the new name for the effect pre-coat – and clearcoat had to confer
sufficient weathering resistance.
Metallic basecoats that met the described requirements contained a resin combination of a poly-
mer offering rapid physical drying and resins that not only acted as plasticizers for the physical
drying polymer but could also be crosslinked during stoving. The basecoats also contained rheo-
logical additives for immobilising the effect pigments during the drying process and protecting
against the impact of clearcoat application. The first type of physical drying resin to be chosen
was cellulose nitrate. Cellulose nitrate was inexpensive and distinguished by excellent applica-
tion behaviour (easily applied by spraying and not sensitive to variations in application condi-
tions). However, basecoats containing cellulose nitrate are not sufficiently weathering resistant.
A great many other polymers were tested (e.g. polyvinyl chloride copolymers), before cellulose
acetobutyrate was ultimately chosen as the physical drying resin. The combination resins chosen
to act as plasticizer and to be crosslinkable were saturated polyesters together with amino resins:
the first urea resins. Such metallic basecoats were introduced into the market at the end of the
1960s. In the 1970s, the urea resins were replaced by special melamine resins, which offered
better weathering resistance and better intercoat adhesion.
Polymers for efficient physical drying coatings, e.g. cellulose acetobutyrate, contain rather large
molecules (with high molecular weights). The solution viscosities of such polymers are high. In
addition, the rheological additives increase the viscosity. Basecoats containing such polymers and
rheological additives therefore only attain application viscosity at low solids content. For example,
a silver metallic basecoat achieves an application viscosity of 15 s (cup 4 mm, 20 °C, DIN 3511
equivalent to ISO cup 58s) at a solids content of 13 % by weight. Such low solids are conducive to
appealing effects, but of course they fail to meet the goal of avoiding volatile organic compounds.
Already in the late 1970s, tests were underway to develop solvent-borne basecoats with higher
application solids. Since a high viscosity or low application solids is mainly attributable to the
content of physical drying polymer, the biggest step is to completely eradicate such polymer types.
Mainly in the USA, high-solid basecoats were developed that contained acrylic resins and low-
molecular melamine resins. They yielded application solids of about 35 % per weight (silver) (see
Chapter 3.7.4). However, the effects achievable with such basecoats are less brilliant than those
of low-solids basecoats. Furthermore, the application process is not as robust as for low-solids
basecoats. Preparing appealing and reproducible basecoat-clearcoat systems is more difficult
and the application conditions must be chosen carefully. In Europe, a compromise was reached
with regard to achieving high-solids. The quantity of physical drying polymer in basecoats was
reduced, which caused the viscosity to decrease significantly. Some of the drying properties were
transferred to the combination resins, but without any increase in viscosity. Such medium-solids
basecoats achieved application solids (for silver) at 23 % by weight. The effects and application
robustness were comparable to those of low-solids basecoats. Although the described develop-
ment steps slashed solvent emissions in two (and by more in the case of high-solids), the goal
of limiting emissions of volatile organic compounds was not met. This led in the early 1980s to
the development of water-borne basecoats (see Chapter 3.7.5). Today, water-borne basecoats are
well distributed across European OEM coatings applications. They are also widespread in Asia
and Latin America (mainly in the “transplants” of European car producers). High-solid basecoats
continue to predominate in the USA.
Automotive
OEM coatings
139
Initially, all effect basecoats contained aluminium pigments for creating the metallic effect. Later,
effect pigments based on mica (potassium-aluminium-alumino silicate) were introduced that cre-
ated a pearlescent effect. Mica pigments are coloured by doping with thin layers of heavy metal
oxides. In recent years, there have been trials aimed at introducing a number of other effect
substances into the coatings market. These developments are following the market demand for
striking and individual colours and effects. Meanwhile, the advantages of basecoat-clearcoat
systems (better weathering resistance, and mechanical and chemical resistance) are also being
exploited in topcoat systems which do not contain effect substances. Solid-colour topcoats contain-
ing only conventional coloured pigments are being replaced by two-layer systems that contain
a solid-colour basecoat and a clearcoat applied “wet-on-wet”. If such solid-colour basecoats are
solvent-borne, then application in conjunction with a solvent-borne basecoat will cause solvent
emissions to increase. To meet the demand of eliminating volatile organic solvents, therefore, the
solid-colour basecoats had to be water-borne.
Various trials have sought to develop and prepare powder coatings containing effect substances.
However, only a few systems are suitable and available
[106]
. Of course, effect powder coatings are
one-coat systems. Such powder coatings are inferior in performance to liquid effect basecoat-
clearcoat systems.
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