values (application):
solid (15‘ 165°C)
68.4 %
PVC
20.4 %
alkyd/melamine resin
75 : 25
pos.
pos.
01 + 06: Setal 84 XX 70 (Nuplex)
07
Setal 90084 BX 67 (Nuplex)
02
SER-AD FA 501 (Condea Servo)
08:
Setamine US 138 BB-70 (Nuplex)
03
Kronos 2310 (Kronos)
09
Byk 301 (Byk)
06
Solvesso 150 (Exxon)
Topcoats
136
by way of levelling agent, and a quantity of crystalline urea by way of rheological additive. The
crystalline urea results from the reaction of two moles of benzylamine with one mole of hexam-
ethylene diisocyanate. Preparation consists in precipitating the crystals in some of the alkyd resin
under high shear.
The application viscosity is adjusted with a thinner that contains xylene, a high-boiling aromatic
solvent (e.g. Aromatic 100) and butanol (mixing ratios are 75:20:5). The application viscosity is
28 s (DIN cup 4 at
23 °C equivalent to ISO cup108 s). For tests, the thinned topcoat
is pneumatically
sprayed onto primed panels and flashed-off briefly. Stoving conditions are 30 minutes at
135 °C.
3.6.4 Application
On assembly lines, topcoats are sprayed pneumatically from high-efficiency spray guns. However,
application by automatic electrostatic spray equipment, which offers much superior transfer
efficiencies, is more common. The usual stoving conditions are 15 to 30 minutes at
145 to 130 °C.
The resultant layer thicknesses of the topcoats are 35 to 45 µm.
3.6.5 Topcoats with reduced VOC emissions
As already mentioned, the application solids of conventional solvent-borne topcoats is 45 to 55 % by
weight. It is possible to increase the application solids to 55 to 65 % by weight. As a result, the quan-
tity of solvents that evaporates from a white topcoat
with a dry film thickness of 40 µm decreases
from 55.7 g solvent/m
2
to 35.6 g solvent/m
3
, representing a reduction of 36 % on the original level.
This calculation is based on average densities of 1.3 g/cm
3
for the resins, 0.87 g/m
3
for the solvents
and 4.0 g/m
3
for the pigment. It makes no allowance for transfer efficiency. Remarkably, the transfer
efficiency of high-solid paints is in
theory lower than that of low-solids
paints. The reason is that
the over-
spray of high-solid paints contains
more film forming material.
Finally, the use of water-borne top-
coats yields a greater reduction in
emissions of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOCs). Figure 3.6.17 com-
pares the volume ratios of binder,
pigment, solvents (with weight
quantities in figures) and water
in white topcoats that yielded dry
films 40 µm thick.
The weights of the topcoats shown
in Figure 3.6.17 are expressed as
weight ratios in Table 3.6.5.
The calculation is based on the
values used in the previous calcu-
lation. The pigment density is 4.0 g/
cm
3
, average density is 1.3 g/cm
3
for
resins, 0.87 g/cm
3
for solvents, and
1.00 g/cm
3
for water. However, for
the co-solvent in the water-borne
topcoat,
the density was taken as
0.94 g/cm
3
.
Figure 3.6.17: Volume ratios and VOC content of conventional,
high-solid and water-borne topcoats
Automotive OEM coatings
137
Table 3.6.5: Weight amounts and VOC of conventional, high-solid, and water-borne topcoats
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