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Measurements are made on a grey solid colour topcoat, a one-layer metallic topcoat, and a metal-
lic basecoat with clearcoat. The grey solid colour topcoat exhibits nearly the same amount of
reflection irrespective of the reflection angle if the light is scattered on reflection. Reflection from
the one-layer metallic topcoat varies as a function of the viewing angle. However, the differences
in remission values as a function of viewing angle are much greater for the two-layer basecoat-
clearcoat system. Reflection at 90° is ignored for the purposes of the evaluation as that represents
maximum gloss due to surface reflection. Comparisons are made at remission values for angles
close to 90°, e.g. 88° (37° to the coating surface) as a function of values at low reflection angles,
e.g. 15° (or 125°). Comparison of the three value pairs for the different coating systems reveals
particularly clear flip-flop effects, and explains why the two-layer systems are preferred to the
one-layer metallic topcoats.
The parameters governing optimum effect are the basecoat formulation and the application
conditions. It is essential throughout film-forming for the aluminium flakes to be well oriented,
parallel with the surface of the substrate, and homogeneously spread horizontally. Experience
shows that as soon as the spray particles hit the substrate, the more-or-less spherical droplets
are flattened and that the aluminium flakes contained therein are oriented parallel with the
surface of the substrate. If the basecoats have a low-solids content, it is necessary that several
spray particles be deposited on the same area for optimum film thickness. This also boosts
orientation of pigment flakes vertically within the film layer. The pigment particles must be
immobilised during physical drying. This happens initially through evaporation of solvents, and
is accompanied by shrinking, which boosts orientation very well. The lower the solids content
of the basecoats, the greater is the extent of shrinking. Immobilising of effect substances is also
effected by a rapid increase in viscosity during film forming. Initially, the viscosity increase is
due to the drying properties of the polymers chosen for physical drying, which tend to be high-
molecular (see Chapter 3.7.3.1). In addition, rheological additives boost the viscosity increase
during film forming, preventing circulation within the film layer that might otherwise disorient
the pigment flakes (see Chapter 3.7.3.5). The application process and the orientation of flake-like
effect pigments are illustrated in Figure 3.7.3.
It is widely known that there are not only silver-like metallic effects, but also coloured metallic
topcoat systems. The latter systems are prepared by blending aluminium flake pigments with
Figure 3.7.2: Remission of different topcoat systems as a function of viewing angle
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coloured pigments. For optimum effect, the pigments must have very small particle sizes and be
readily dispersed, and generate transparent colour impressions without hiding reflection from the
aluminium pigments. In that event, the flip-flop effect, as seen in plan view, is mostly reflection
from the aluminium pigment (light and silver) but at low viewing angles is mainly the colour of
the pigment (dark and coloured). The principle is shown in Figure 3.7.4.
A number of effect pigments have since been developed that confer a coloured flip-flop effect
directly (see Chapter 3.7.3.6).
Figure 3.7.3: Model showing the orientation of flake-like pigments during application
Figure 3.7.4: Effect of a coloured metallic basecoat
Basecoats