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4. "Across and through"
Across, meaning "from one side to the other ", can refer to a surface:
We skated across the frozen lake.
Through, meaning 'from one side to the other', can suggest more effort than across. Through refers to - a hallow:
Water flows through this pipe - something three - dimensional which 'ewcloses' (e.g. a country, a crowd, a forest, long grass, mud).
It was difficult to cut through the forest. - a 'barrier' (e.g. the custom s, a door, a net, a roadblock, a window):
Look through the window.
The use of cross and through depends on the sort of thing you are talking about. In.
Let's walk across/through the park they are interchangeable because in the speaker's mind, across refers to a surface and through to a three - dimensional area.
5."After" and "Afterwards"
Both these words mean "later", but after can be a preposition (followed by an object) and a conjuction (followed by a clause).
When this in the case, after words cannot replace after:
Come and se me after work.
Come and se me after you've finished.
After words can only by used as an adverb (that is, with no noun or pronoun object):
We made the house tidy and our guests arrived soon after wards
We can also use after as an adverb in the above sentence (our guests arrived soon after).
Or we may use and then or and soon after that (and then/and soon after that our guests arrived). After as an adverbs often modified by soon or shortly an occurs in axpressions like happily ever after. It cannot be used in an intial position to refer to the second of two distinct events:
We had a swim in the sea.
Afterwards we lay on the beach.
6. (a) round and about
(A) round/about are interchange able when they:
-refer to lack of purpose or lack of definite movement or position:
We stood about/a/round waiting.
-refer to mindless activity:
I ‘wish you'd stop fooling about.
-are used to mean "approximately"
The telex was recieved at /around/about 8.
-are used to mean "somewhere near"
I lost my purse about /(a)round here.
About cannot replace around to refer to.
-circular movement:
Millie's having a cruise (a)round the world.
-distribution
Would you hand these papers (a)round?
-every part:
Let me show you (a)round the house.
In the area of:
He lives somewhere (a)round Manchester.
7. At
At commonly follows:
-adjectives associated with skill:
good/bad/clever/better/worse at.
I'm not very good at figures.
-a few nouns associated with skill a dunce at, a genius at
I'm a dunce at arithmetic
-verbs used to suggest action directed towards a target or destinaton (often suggesting agression), such a aim, laugh, shout, stare, strike, talk, throw.
At often suggests "taking aim" Compare.
Throw the ball to me. (for me to catch).
That boy is always throwing stones at birds (aiming at them to horm them).
She shouted to us across the valley. (to communicate with us)
The children got very dirty and she shouted at the (to scold them)
Against (but not at) can ne used after verbs like flight, throw, where there is no idea of taking aim.
He threw the ball against the wall.
We fought against the enemy
-adjectives which indicate a reaction to circumstances events, etc:
+at [ > app 10 ]:
I'm surprised at all the calls we've had.
At can often be replaced by by (surprised by) after words like surprised when these are used as past participles in the passive. At it also used with referem ce to price/speed:
We have some combs at $2 each.
This use of at is some times symbolically represented by "@" in price list etc.
Ran is driving at 100 miles an hour.
8.away
Away is an adverb particle and is never followed by an object. It commonly combines with the adverb far (far away) and the preposition from (away from) and verbs which convey the idea of distance.
I see storm clods far away in the distance.
I live twenty miles away from here.
Note uses with verbs e.g. fire away=begun and don't stop: put away = put something in its place, work away i.e without interruption.
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