|
Artikillar
Artikllarning ikki turi mavjud
1. Indefinite -a, an
2. Definite -the
Noaniq artikl (a, an) qadimiy ingliz tilidagi one so’zini bildiruvchi “un” sonidan kelib chiqqan. Shu sababdan ham odatda noaniq artikl sanaladigan birlikdagi otlar oldidan ishlatiladi.
Aniq artikl “the” qadimiy ingliz tilida se ko’rsatish olmoshidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib uning bu ma’nosi hozirgi ingliz tilida ham ba’zi bir gaplarda saqlanib qolgan.
Noaniq artikillar
Quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi.
1. Bir turga oid narsa buyum yoki shaxsning boshqa turdagisidan ajratgan holda ishlatiladi.
I wear a cap in summer and a hat in autumn.
Yuqoridagi holatda ko‘plikdagi ot ishlatilsa, hech qanday artikl qo‘yilmaydi.
We wear caps in summer and hats in autumn.
2. Qachonki ot gapda ifodalanayotgan shaxs yoki narsa buyum kim yoki nimaligini bildirganda:
a. Kesimning bir bo‘lagi bo‘lib kelganda:
My brother is an engineer.
b. Kirish so‘z bo‘lganda:
Mr. John, a student of our Institute took the first place in the chess tournament.
Yuqoridagi holatlarda ot koplikda bo‘lsa artikl qo‘llanilmaydi:
They are engineers.
3. Eslatma. Aytish joyizki kesimning bir qismi yoki kirish so‘zi bo‘lib kelgan ot aniq artill bilan ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Bunda uning aniqlovchi bo‘ladi.
These are the books you were looking for.
Mr. Ivanov, the inventor of this machine,
is an a lot friend of mine.
4. Kirish so‘z bo‘lib kelgan otdan avval mashhur narsalar yoki insonlar to‘g‘rusida gapirilganda odatda aniq artikl ishlatiladi.
Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was born in 1799.
Hamlet, the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare was written in the first years of the 17th century.
5. Lekin mashhur bo‘lmagan inson yoki mnarsa to‘g‘risida gapirilganda noaniq artikl ishlatgan ma’qul.
Prides, a camedy by Shakespeare is hardly ever staged.
6. Bir turga oid predmetning istalgan biri haqida gapirilganda.
A child can understand it.
Shu holatda ot ko‘plikda kelsa hech qanday artikl ishlatilmaydi
Children can understand it.
7.Ingliz tilida ba’zida “bir” so‘zining o‘rnida noaniq artikl ishlatgan ma’qul.
A week or two passed.
8.Artiklning bu ma’nosi sonlari ifodalashda ham ishlatiladi.
The case weight a hundred (100) pounds.
9. Bundan tashqari noaniq artikl:
Undov gapta what so‘zidan keyin kelgan sanaladigan birlikdagi otdan avval ishlatiladi.
What a clever man!
Lekin yuqoridagi holatda ot ko‘plikda yoki sanalmaydigan bo‘lsa, hech qanday artikl ishlatilmaydi.
What beautiful pictures!
What luck!
10. Bundan tashqari so‘roq gaplarda what dan keyin kelgan sanaladigan birlikdagi otdan avval ham artikl ishlatilmaydi.
What book did you buy yesterday?
11. Bir turga oid predmetning biri haqida gapirilganda quyida kabi misollarda ham noaniq artikl ishlatgan ma’qul:
It’s a Picasso
It’s a Diskens narl
12.Quyidagi tabiiy birikmalarda ikkita otdan birinchisigagina noaniq artikl ishlatgan kifoya:
a cup and saucer.
A hat and coat
a knife and fork
It’s cold outside, take a hat and coat with you
13. Lekin tabiiy bo‘lmagan birikmalarda ikkala otdan avval ham noaniq artikl ishlatiladi:
When you go on holiday, take a raincoat and a camera.
14. Such, quite, rather so’zlaridan keyin kelgan sanaladigan otlardan avval:
She is such a clever woman!
She is quite a younger girl!
It is rather a long story.
15. Lekin noaniq artiklni rather so’zidan oldin ishlatsa ham bo’ladi.
They stop and interchange a rather heated look.
Yuqoridagi holatlarda ot ko’plikda bo’lsa, hech qanday artikl qo’llamilmaydi.
These are such interesting books!
Did you ever see such weather?
16. Aniqlovchisi so + sifat, too + sifat, as + sifat bilan ifodalangan sanaladigan birlikdagi otlardan avval.
It is not so simple a problem as it seems.
It is too urgent a matter to postpone.
It was as black a house inside as outside.
17. Qisqartma otlarda ular a, l, f, h, I, e, m, n, o, r, s, yoki x bilan boshlansa:
an MP, an FBI, an IOU.
18. Lekin qisqartma otlar harflab aytilmaganda boshqacha holat kuzatiladi:
a NATO, a FIFA, an OPEC, a NASA
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
