Artikillar Artikllarning ikki turi mavjud Indefinite -a, an Definite -the Noaniq artikl (a, an) qadimiy ingliz tilidagi one

2. "According to" and "by"
According to can mean "as shown by"
According to the forecast, It'll be wet, and "as stated by":
According to Dr. Pim. the sea is rising.
According to is used to refer to information coming from other people or sources
(according to him, according to the timetable, etc.), but not to information coming from oneself. (Not "according to me") According to cannot be used with opinion: in must be used:
In my opinion, none of this is true.
By can only replace according to when the reference is highly specific, e.g. to a clock or timetable, etc. , but never to people:
It’s now ten past by / according to my watch.
According to can also mean "depending on"
I get to work at nine or just after according to the amount of traffic on the road.
3. "Across" an "Over"
Both these preposition s can be used to mean "from on side to the other" if we are referring to a line (e.g. a road, a river, a frontier, etc. ) When combining with verbs like run, walk (run across/over, walk across/over) they can express the same idea as the verb cross.
Children are tought not to run over/across the road without looking. (i.e. Not to cross)
There's a newsagent's over/across the road.
However, over cannot be used when we are referring to the surface of a wide area:
They're laying a pipeline across Siberia. With verbs which can suggest aimless movement’
(stroll, wander, etc) over can he used to describe movement inside an area (not necessarily from one side to another) suggesting 'here and there' :
We wandered over the fields.
We skated over the frozen lake.
Across must also be used when we are referring to movement through water:
Erna Hart swam across the
channel. Across cannot be used when we wish to express go up and come down again (from on side of something high to the other):
They escaped by climbing over the wall