Artikillar Artikllarning ikki turi mavjud Indefinite -a, an Definite -the Noaniq artikl (a, an) qadimiy ingliz tilidagi one

15. By, 'near', and 'on'
These words can be used to mean not far from
By can mean right next to or "beside" a person, "object" or place and is interchangeable with beside and next to.
I sat by the phone all morning.
Near usually suggests 'a short way from' rather than 'right next to':
We live near London - just 20 miles south.
Near (not by) is associated with "not far from"
We live near/not far from the sea.
The opposite of near is a long away from or (quite) for from.
We live a long way from/(quite) far from the sea.
Near (but not by) can be modified by very:
The play is very near the end.
By can be modified by right and close for emphasis
The hotel is right by/close by the station.
On can mean 'right next to or beside' when we refer to a line:
Our house is right on the road/on the river.
On my right I have Frank Milligan and an my left
I have Frank Mulligan
On is often found in place - names for towns, etc. by the sea or on rivers:
Southend -on -sea, Stratford - (up) on – Avon.
16.By and past
Both word are often inter changeable with verbs of motion (go, run, walk. etc) to mean "beyond" a point in space or time.
He went right by/past me without speaking.
Several days went by/past before I had news.
17. “By”, “with” and with out
By and wit can be used to mean by means of but they are not generally inter changeable.
By occurs in fixed phrases like by bus, and in passive constructions.
Our dog was hit by a bus.
By (often + ing) can refer to method
You can lock this window by moving this catch to the left (that is how you must do it)
By can refer to time, measure or rate.
I'm paid by the hour/day/week
You can only buy eggs singly, not by the pound.
We also use it when referring to any kind of measurement against a scale:
He's shorter than I am by six inches.
Interest rates have gone up by 3 per cent.
We use by to mean 'via' when referring to routes:
We drove to the coast by the main road
With and without refer to things (especially tools/instruments) which we use or need to use:
You might get it open with a bottle-opener.
(i.e. that is what you need to use)
It won't open without a bottle - opener.
With can also refer to manner
Paul returned my greeting with a nod.