Amea folklor institutu

Oqtai Qazumovi
Ivane Javaxisvilis Saxelobis Tbilisis Saxelmwifo Universiteti
Qartuli sagaloblebisa da azerbaijanuli marsiebis urtiertsedarebiti analizi
(glovis janri)
nebismieri grZnoba, maT Soris mwuxarebac, zogadadamianuria, xolo maTi gamovlenis, gamoxatvis formebi, wesebi saukuneTa manZilze ixveweboda da Seiqmna sxvadasxva tradiciac.
Zvel qarTul literaturaSi glovis Janris gamomxatvel TxzulebaTa kvlevisas k. kekeliZe miuTiTebs, rom “godebis Janris literaturuli nawarmoebi warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac adamiani kargavs, rac misTvis yvelaze maxlobeli da Zvirfasia” [5, 198], e.i. swored intimuridan ganivrcoba sakacobrioc, roca esa Tu is leqsi scildeba konkretul kulturul sazRvrebs da zogadsakacobrio fiqrebis, idealebis, ganwyobebis gamomxatvelad iqceva. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT Tundac “ieremias godeba”, romelic ara mxolod ebraeli patriarqebis, aramed qristianebis da kidev ufro farTo masStabiT, nebismieri samSoblo dakarguli adamianisTvisaa mniSvnelovani; mniSvnelovania imiT, rom igi universaluria (k. kekeliZe, 1956).
qarTuli leteratura (yovel SemTxvevaSi sasuliero) asaxavs qristianuli religiis safuZvlebsa da Tanadrouli azrovnebis procesebs da igive SegviZlia vTqvaT muslimur tradiciebze damyarebul azerbaijanul literaturazec.
akad. korneli kekeliZe “godebis” Janris literaturul nawarmoebTa klasifikacias amgvarad axdens:

1. 
   dakargva samSoblosi;
   
2. 
   Segneba misi daqveiTeba-dakninebisa da ukuRmarT gzaze dadgomisa;
   
3. 
   iZulebiTi ganSoreba adamianisa im wrisagan romelSic is cxovrobda;
   

4. 
   sikvdili Zvirfasi adamianisa. [5, 198]
   

azerbaijanuli literatura saerToTurquli safuZvlebidan iRebs saTaves da Sesabamisad, azerbaijanuli natiralebis, rogorc folkloruli Janris Ziebas, am safuZvlebamde – winaislamur Turqul literaturamde mivyavarT.
Turquli sagu
islamamdeli Turquli literaturis, zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi mocemulia XI saukunis Turqi filologis, folkloristis - mahmud qaSRarelis enciklopediuri xasiaTis wignSi “divani luRaTu-iT Turq” (“Turquli leqsikoni”). am wignis Sedgenas, romelic 1074 wliT TariRdeba, win uZRoda xangrZlivi mogzauroba Turqulenovani xalxebiT ganfenil regionebSi. amgvarad, mahmud qaSRarelma Seiswavla 26 tomiT Turqi xalxis ena da Caiwera zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis nimuSebi. leqsikonSi Setanilia rva aTasamde sityva da gamoTqma. magaliTad, saleqso strofis raodenoba 237-s udris, andazebis – 266 da a.S. ( Т.Текин, 1989);
am wignSi Tavmoyrili uamravi Sinaarsis leqsTa Soris, Cvens yuradRebas alfer tongasadmi miZRvnili sagu anu natirali iqcevs.
rogorc sagus SemorCenili nimuSebidan irkveva, rom “Zvel TurqebSi micvalebulTaTvis miZRvnili ritualebis uZvelesi tradicia arsebobda. wyaroebSi SemorCenili cnobebis mixedviT, micvalebuls karavSi asvenebdnen, mgloviareni ki karavs cxenebiT uvlidnen gars (svanuri “dalais” msgavsad – o.q) ra drosac pativiscemis, mwuxarebis gamosaxatavad oxiT saxes ikawravdnen”.
glovis momentebi agreTve STambeWdavadaa mocemuli sagmiro epos “dede qorquTSi”. am mxriv sainteresoa “yazan begis Zis uruz begis datyvevebis ambavi“. mterTan brZolisas tyvedqmnili uruzis ambavs deda – burla xaTuni ase kiTxulobs da moTqvams:
“modi, barem salorTa bego, salorTa mSvenebav,
Cemo bedo, Cemo saxlis saZirkvelo
mamaCemis siZev xano,
dedaCemis sayvarelo,
Tavi Cemi Sen moggvares,
Tvali avaxile, daginaxe,
guli mogec, Segiyvare
bego Cemo, vaJkaco yazano.
amdgarxar da Seni adgilidan wamomdgarxar,
Sen da Seni vaJi Savfafara kavkasiur bedaurze amxedrebulxarT,
grZelkisera irmebi dagixocavs,
msuqani xorci cxenebisTvis agikidia da mobrunebulxar.
orni waxvediT, erTi dabrundi, Cemi vaJi sad aris?
Cems pataras ver vxedav da Sigani mewvis,
frialo kldidan, yazano, Cemi vaJi gadmoagde gana?
lelianis loms SeaWame gana?
Savi rwmenis usjuloebs Seaxvedre gana?
usjuloTa win atare gana?
enagamomSrals oTxive mxares acqerine gana?
Sav TvalTagan mware cremli adine gana?
dedav batono, mamav batonoo abRavle gana?
es natirali imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom igi TavisTavad aerTianebs TiTqmis yvela im komponents, romelic damaxasiaTebelia zogadad natiralisTvis da amitomac SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad universaluria.
gamomdinare muslimuri religiis arabulenovan samyaroSi Camoyalibebidan, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom wmindanTa umravlesobac am ers miekuTvneba. islamis gariJraJze ukve pirveli mowameebi Cndebian. maTgan yvelaze cnobili mociqul muhamadis RviZli biZa - hamzaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom winaislamur epoqebSi datireba anu “rasa” arabuli yofa-cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda, romelSic umTavresad SurisZieba iyo gamefebuli. tomobriv SetakebebSi daRupuli mebrZoli gmirad cxaddeboda da mas nugeSad misi sisxlis aRebas ayolebdnen saflavSi. islamma pirvel rigSi rac Secvala “rasaSi” es swored SurisZiebis momentze uarisTqma warmoadgenda, radgan rjulisTvis moklulni, rogorc mowameebi samoTxeSi xvdebodnen da Sesabamisad, Cveulebrivi morwmunisTvis maTi sikvdili Sesanatri, sasurveli da misabaZi iyo.
Tumca islamSi rodesac mowameTa Sesaxebaa saubari pirvel rigSi mociqulis SviliSvilis, mesame imamis –huseinisa da misi ojaxis istoria iqcevs yuradRebas. Ggarda TavisTavad am faqtis masStaburobisa, romelic 680 wels q. qerbelaSi moxda, igi mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom amiT muslimur hagiografias, kerZod mis wamebaTa Janrs mieca dasabami. pirveli hagiografiuli Txzuleba am faqze VIII saukuneSi abu muxnaf ibn iahias mier iqna dawerili. imam huseinis wamebas uamravi marsia (glovis gamomxatveli leqsebi) Seiqmna. Mmkvlevari m. m. Sams ed-dini imami huseinis marsiebs Sinaarsobrivad ase ajgufebs:

1. 
   adamianuri sevda da mwuxareba
   

2. 
   bunebis sevda da mwuxareba. marseixans zogjer adamianuri
   

gancdebi bunebisTvis gadaaqvs da warmoidgens, rom imamis am mowameobas
adamianebTan erTad bunebac ganicdis da glovobs.

3. 
   angelozebisa da jinebis sevda da mwuxareba
   

4. 
   "ahl al beiTis"¹ aRmatebuloba
   

5. 
   am ambavSi imamis mterTa da mtarvalTa ganqiqeba
   

6. 
   qalebi da yrmebi. qerbelaSi myofi bavSvebisa da qalebis
   

mier gadatanil-gancdil sirTuleTa Cveneba

7. 
   axalgazrdebi: abasi, kasimi ali aqbari da a.S.
   

8. 
   iq momxdari ambebi. ra drosac marsiis avtori
   

Tavsgadaxdenil ambebs qerbelas tragediis monawileTa piriT
mogviTxrobs.

9. 
   wyali da wyurvili marsiis umTavresi ZarRvia.
   

10. 
    qerbela da samarebi
    

11. 
    winaswarmetyvelisa da saxleulis Sexvedra gankiTxvis dRes. Tu
    

rogor warsdgebian am tragediis braleulni winaswarmetyvelis
winaSe.

12. 
    mowameni
    

Aqerbelas movlena “dede qorquTis” eposSic iqna Camatebuli. magaliTad eposis SesavalSi, sadac dede qorquTi wmindanebs didebas uTvlis, vkiTxulobT:
"mamacTa winamZRols, vinc xmali dahkra da sarwmunoebas gza gauxsna alis dideba; alis vaJebs, winaswarmetyvelis SviliSvilebs, qerbelas velze iezidis xeliT mowameobrivad dacemul hasansa² da huseins, orTav Zmas, dideba" [4,31]; xolo "salur yazanis saxl-karis aklebis ambavSi", roca yazani Tavisi saxlobis saZebrad miemarTeba, maT ambavs gzad Semoxvdomili mglisgan, ZaRlisgan... wylisgan da a.S. kiTxulobs. igi wyals ase mimarTavs:
"kldidan CxrialiT gadmomavalo wyalo,
xis did gemebs rom miaTamaSeb, wyalo,