Chapter 9
The Fifth Horseman?
LET’S NOW APPLY
our checklist of horseman traits to a number of emerging
companies that have the potential to become the fifth tech giant. Where are
these companies excelling, and where do they fall short? And what will it
take to be the Fifth Horseman?
This list of companies is not intended to be comprehensive—after all, great
companies regularly appear seemingly out of nowhere thanks to a
technological advance, a shift in markets, or a change in demographics—but
rather to be broad and thought provoking.
For all they have in common, the Four Horsemen occupy distinct roles in
the digital age and have come to prominence through different paths. Two of
them, Facebook and Google, dominate categories that did not exist twenty-
five years ago. The other two, Amazon and Apple, are in well-established
sectors. But while Amazon has overwhelmed its competition through brutally
efficient operational prowess and access to cheap capital, Apple led product
innovation and secured leadership at the high end—creating entirely new
multibillion-dollar product categories and one of the world’s great
aspirational brands. Facebook had a billion users before its founder turned
thirty-two, while Apple took a generation to mature into the globally
dominant company it is today.
We should not presume, then, that the next company to emerge as a shaper
of the digital age—a Fifth Horseman—will necessarily come from an
obviously digital-age industry, or be a highly touted unicorn with a college
dropout at the helm. Nor can we presume the next horseman will arise in the
United States—although it will certainly have to conquer the U.S. market on
its road to success.
We also can’t presume that the current Four Horsemen are all guaranteed
to hold their positions for decades to come. After all, IBM ruled the
electronics world through both the 1950s and 1960s … only to lose ground in
hardware and, in an amazing feat of leadership, shift to a consulting
company. Hewlett-Packard was the biggest tech company in the world just a
decade ago … only to lose ground under weak leadership, and then be broken
up. Microsoft terrified the entire business world, especially tech, and seemed
unstoppable in the 1990s. Like the others, it remains a giant company, but no
one still thinks of it as an unstoppable juggernaut destined to rule the world.
Still, the current Four Horsemen, as I’ve tried to explain in the previous
chapters, have certain advantages—in products, markets, stock valuation,
recruiting, and management (who have assiduously studied why those earlier
giants stumbled). That makes it unlikely they will lose their current
dominance for a (human) generation or more (famous last words). All have
fought to get where they are—and they won’t give up their leadership easily.
Even when they collide against each other, they seem to make room before
the competition gets too extreme. They, for now, seem (somewhat) content to
coexist rather than fight to the death.
Now, let’s look at the contenders.
Alibaba
In April 2016, a native online commerce company surpassed Walmart to
become the world’s largest retailer. It was inevitable, but the surprise was that
it was not Amazon that bested the Bentonville behemoth—it was Jack Ma’s
Chinese powerhouse, Alibaba.
1
To be fair, that’s in part a function of
Alibaba’s business model, whereby it acts as a marketplace for other retailers
—e-commerce and shopping, online auctions, money transfers, cloud data
services, and a host of other businesses—and it is the $485 billion in “gross
merchandise value” (GMV) of products sold through Alibaba that beats
Walmart. Alibaba itself collects only a fraction of that in revenue—$15
billion in fiscal year 2016.
Alibaba Group, FY16-Q3 for the Period Ending December 31, 2016 (filed January 24, 2017),
p. 2, from Alibaba Group website.
But size matters, and nobody manages more retail trade than Alibaba. It
makes up 63 percent of all China retail commerce, and 54 percent of
packages that travel via Chinese post originate from an Alibaba business.
2
,
3
Alibaba also boasts close to half a billion active users (443 million) with
more monthly active users (MAUs) accessing Alibaba via mobile phones
(493 million).
4
Similar to the horsemen, the company has reshaped the retail
landscape in China, turning an obscure tradition known as “Singles’ Day”
(November 11, or “11/11”) into the world’s largest shopping day. The
company did $17.4 billion in GMV on Singles’ Day alone in 2016, of which
82 percent originated from mobile.
5
Alibaba has succeeded because it hit most of the markers we’ve outlined. It
began in a vast market—China—filled with millions of small manufacturers
desperate to reach the outside world. It went global almost immediately,
reaching almost every country on the planet. It is a master of big data/AI—
one of its services. And the market has given it a stratospheric valuation, so it
has investment capital to burn. Alibaba has grown so fast, that it essentially
has no competition in its corner of the world—as with Amazon, it’s easier
just to work with Alibaba than to fight it. Many Western brands in China
have shuttered their direct-to-consumer sites (unthinkable in the United States
and Europe) to focus on their presence on Alibaba and sister property Tmall.
Investors have taken note. In 2014, the company offered what remains the
largest IPO in U.S. history, raising $25 billion on a valuation of $200 billion.
6
The stock has underperformed the market since then; however, as I write this
in early 2017, BABA has declined 15 percent in value from its offering while
Amazon has increased more than 100 percent over the same period.
7
For all its vast scale, Alibaba faces significant challenges if it wishes to
emerge as a global digital-age player in the same class as the Four Horsemen.
By definition, it has to expand in a more substantial way beyond its home
market—and most important, it has to establish a material commercial
presence in the United States, where it operates almost exclusively as an
investor. The Chinese market—which seems to grow more volatile by the
year—remains as much as 80 percent of Alibaba’s business.
8
As such, Alibaba carries a lot of water on its path to global domination.
First, there is no historical precedent for a consumer brand emerging from
China. The world is used to global brands from the United States and Europe,
and more recently from Japan and South Korea, but not from China. Chinese
firms face associations (legitimate or not) of labor exploitation, counterfeit
goods, patent infringement, and governmental interference. Those
characteristics are inconsistent with the Western values that underpin
aspirational brands. And it hasn’t helped that Alibaba’s early reputation was
tainted by claims that many of its small retailers were disreputable.
Ultimately, Alibaba may benefit from the success Apple has had with
overcoming concerns about Chinese manufacturing quality, and from other
Chinese firms, such as WeChat, developing global followings. Yet the
ultimate brand power—an aspirational brand that connotes leadership, luxury
quality, and sex appeal—remains a reach for Alibaba. In 2016’s list of the
hundred most valuable brands,
Forbes
did not include Alibaba.
9
Alibaba comes up short on visionary capital and has struggled to master
storytelling—not just with consumers, but with investors, as Alibaba’s
opaque governance clouds the story. By comparison, the Four Horsemen are
all acknowledged masters at telling their stories, selling their vision, and
convincing shareholders to join their Great Crusades. Alibaba, as a
conglomerate, doesn’t have a real story to tell other than one of continuous
success. As we’ve learned, that’s not enough.
Finally, a critical limitation to Alibaba’s long-term success is the
company’s entanglements with the Chinese government. The government has
supported its investment in a variety of ways, perhaps most substantially by
severely curtailing the operations of Alibaba’s U.S. competitors in China.
10
Western investors are willing to accept some level of government
interference, but they don’t like what seems to be cheating, and the market
distortions that result.
While this relationship has doubtlessly been an asset for Alibaba during its
growth, investors must be concerned about whose interests will win out when
those of global shareholders do not align with the company’s superpower
patron. Indeed, because of Chinese restrictions on foreign ownership in
Chinese assets, foreign investors do not actually own shares in Alibaba, but
in a shell company with a contractual right to Alibaba profits—contractual
rights enforceable only in Chinese courts.
11
And worse, there are signs that
Alibaba cannot count on the support of the Chinese government, with critical
stories about the company appearing in Chinese media and from government
agencies since 2015.
12
,
13
As for the accelerant factor, no doubt working for Alibaba carries
considerable value in China and in other parts of the developing world. But in
the West? Not so much. Indeed, it may even prove a stigma—which means
that as it moves into the Western markets, Alibaba may find recruiting great
talent difficult, and its intellectual capital substandard.
Alibaba’s relationship with the Chinese government carries with it the risk
that any number of foreign actors, including U.S. and European governments,
might see Alibaba through a geopolitical lens and register their concern in the
form of regulatory hurdles, investigations, and other roadblocks. These need
not be political to be problematic—Jack Ma recently acknowledged that the
SEC was investigating Alibaba for various reporting matters related to the
firm’s complex, multi company structure. Ma said that “Alibaba’s business
model does not have any references in the U.S., so it’s not just a matter of
one or two days for the U.S. to understand Alibaba’s business model.”
14
That’s not exactly heartening.
Finally, data privacy concerns are likely to be a constant thorn for Alibaba
as it goes global, limiting its ability to leverage another T Algorithm element,
AI.
In sum, the parent brand “China” provides an unwelcome halo of “We may
not be cool, but we are corrupt.” In high school, the “Bad Boy” who was also
lame did not get laid.
Tesla
History is littered with the skeletons of entrepreneurs who challenged big
auto—they make movies about them (think
Tucker
). But right now, it looks
as if the movie about Elon Musk involves a dope outfit and a brooding
Gwyneth Paltrow.
Tesla faces challenges, but it has accomplished more than any other start-
up automobile company in our lifetime, and looks well positioned to solidify
its position as the market leader in electric-powered cars. Although it remains
mostly a luxury product for Silicon Valley bros, its combination of design (no
more Hobbit electric cars), innovation in digital control, and massive
investment in infrastructure (notably the giant battery factory outside Reno)
—not to mention its Edison-like, visionary leader—suggest Tesla has the
potential to bust out of its specialty niche and become a mass market player.
Tesla’s first volume production car, the Model S, swept the industry
awards, garnering the first-ever unanimous selection as
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