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And here is another very thoughtful testimonial (1975): “The efforts spent over the last
hundred years by Jewish intellectuals to reincarnate themselves into the Russian national form
were truly titanic. Yet it did not give them balance of mind; on the contrary, it rather made them
feel the bitterness of their bi-national existence more acutely. They have an answer to the tragic
question of Aleksandr Blok: ‘My Russia, my life, are we to drudge through life together?’ To
that question, to which a Russian as a rule gives an unambiguous answer, a member of Russian-
Jewish intelligentsia used to reply (sometimes after self-reflection): No, not together. For the
time being, yes, side by side, but not together. A duty is no substitute for Motherland.”
And so the Jews felt free from obligations at all sharp turns of Russian history. Fair
enough. One can only hope for all Russian Jews to get such clarity and acknowledge this
dilemma.
Yet usually the problem in its entirety is blamed on anti-Semitism: excluding them from
everything genuinely Russian, our anti-Semitism simultaneously bars them from all things
Jewish. Anti-Semitism is terrible not because of what it
does to the Jews (by imposing
restrictions on them), but because of what it
does with the Jews by turning them into neurotic,
depressed, stressed, and defective human beings.
Still, those Jews, who had fully woken up to their identity, were very quickly,
completely, and reliably cured from such a morbid condition. Jewish identity in the Soviet Union
grew stronger as they went through the historical ordeals predestined for Jewry by the 20th
Century. First, it was the Jewish Catastrophe during the Second World War, although as a result
of official Soviet muffling and obscuring, Soviet Jewry only comprehended its full scope later.
Another push was given by the campaign against “cosmopolitans” in 1949-1950. Then
there was a very serious threat of a massacre by Stalin, eliminated by his timely death. And with
Khrushchev’s
thaw and after it, later in the 1960s, Soviet Jewry quickly awoke spiritually,
already sensing its unique identity.
During the second half of the 1950s, the growing sense of bitterness, spread over large
segments of Soviet Jewry, lead to consolidation of the sense of national solidarity. But only in
the late 1960s did a very small but committed group of scientists (Note: they were not
humanitarians; the most colorful figure among them was Alexander Voronel) begin rebuilding of
Jewish national consciousness in Russia. And then against the nascent national consciousness of
Soviet Jews, the Six-Day War suddenly broke out and instantly ended in what might have
seemed a miraculous victory. Israel has ascended in their minds and Soviet Jews awoke to their
spiritual and consanguineous kinship with Israel.
But the Soviet authorities, furious at Nasser’s disgraceful defeat, immediately attacked
Soviet Jews with the thundering campaign against the “Judeo-Zionist-Fascism,” insinuating that
all the Jews were Zionists and claiming that the global conspiracy of Zionism is the expected and
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