-307
-
York responded that banks, according to law, do not hire on the basis of race, creed, color or
national origin and do not keep records of such categories (that would be our accursed fifth
article, the requirement in the Soviet internal passport - nationality.) Interestingly, the same
American Jewish Committee had conducted a similar study about the ethnic composition of
management of the fifty largest U.S. public utility services two years before, and in 1964 it in
similar vein it studied industrial enterprises in the Philadelphia region.
Yet let us return to the Soviet Jews. Many Jewish emigrants loudly advertised their
former activity in the periodical-publishing and film-making industries back in the USSR. In
particular, we learn from a Jewish author that “it was due to his [Syrokomskiy’s] support that all
top positions in
Literaturnaya Gazeta became occupied by Jews.”
Yet twenty years later we read a different assessment of the time: “The new anti-
Semitism grew stronger and by the second half of the 1960s it already amounted to a developed
system of discreditation, humiliation and isolation of the entire people.”
So how can we reconcile such conflicting views? How can we reach a calm and balanced
assessment?
Then from the high spheres inhabited by economic barons there came alarming signals,
signals that made the Jews nervous. To a certain extent, Jewish activity in the Soviet Union
concentrated in the specific fields of economy along a characteristic pattern, well-known to
Jewish sociologists. By then, at the end of 1950s, Nikita [Khrushchev] suddenly realized that the
key spheres of the Soviet economy were plagued by rampant theft and fraud. (“Suddenly
realized” it. Yes, I wrote those words with a straight face.–AS) In 1961, an explicitly anti-
Semitic campaign was initiated against the theft of socialist property. Beginning in 1961, a
number of punitive decrees of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were passed. The first one dealt
with foreign currency speculations, another – with bribes, and still another later introduced
capital punishment for the aforementioned crimes, at the same time lawlessly applying the death
penalty retroactively, for the crimes committed before those decrees were issued (as, for
example, the case of J. Rokotov and B. Faybishenko.) Executions started in the very first year.
During the first nine trials, eleven individuals were sentenced to death. Among them were
perhaps, six Jews.
The Jewish Encyclopedia states it more specifically, In 1961-1964, thirty-nine Jews were
executed for economic crimes in the RSFSR and seventy-nine – in Ukraine, and forty-three Jews
in other republics. In these trials, the vast majority of defendants were Jews. (The publicity was
such that the court reports indicated the names and patronymics of the defendants, which was the
normal order of pleadings, yet it was getting absolutely clear from that that they were Jews.)
Next, in a large court trial in Frunze in 1962, nineteen out of forty-six defendants were
apparently Jewish. There is no reason to think that this new policy was conceived as a system of
anti-Jewish measures. Yet immediately upon enforcement, the new laws acquired distinct anti-
Jewish flavor—the author of the quote obviously points out to the publication of the full names
of defendants, including Jewish ones; other than that, neither the courts, nor the government, nor
the media made any generalizations or direct accusations against the Jews. And even when
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