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Fusarium solani.
Замаррықтың белгилери ―Собықлы майсалары ҳәм
тамыры шириўи‖ бӛлиминде келтирилген.
Складқа сақланатуғын түйнеклердиң ең кӛп тарқалған шириўи фузариоз
екенлиги анықланған (Буриев ҳәм б, 2002; Холмуродов, 2004). Кеселлик
кӛбинше түйнеклер 2-3 ай сақланғанда пайда болады. Фузариоз бенен жеңил
зыянланған картошкаларда шириў күшейеди. Ҳәтте, нормал шараятта ҳәм
10% ке шекем түйнеклер ширип кетеди; жоқары температура ҳәм нәмликте
картошканың 30-50% ҳәм оннан да кӛбирек жоғалтыўы мүмкин.
Тухымлыққа мӛлшерленген, фузариоз бенен зыянланған түйнеклер,
әсиресе, олар бӛлеклерге кесип егилсе, топырақта ширип кетиўи мүмкин.
Олардан нәл ӛспеўи, яки нәзик нәллер шығып, кейинирек солыўы гүзетиледи.
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Пайдаланған әдебиятлар:
1. Е.Ш. Тӛрениязов. Ӛсимликлерди интеграцилық усылда қорғаў. –
Нӛкис: Билим – 2014.
2. М.Ю. Ибрагимов. Қаракалпақстан шараятында баў – бақша ҳәм палыз
ӛнимлерин жетистириў усыллары. – Нӛкис: Қарақалпақстан – 2009.
3. Б.А. Хасанов, Р.О. Очилов, Р.А. Гулмуродов.Сабзавот, картошка ҳамда
полиз экинларининг касалликлари ва уларга қарши кураш. –Ташкент. 2009
BREEDING AND CONTENT OF THE CAMELS OF
KARAKALPAKSTAN
S.Eshmuratova - candidate of agricultural sciences., Department of
zootechnics and veterinary
Neither of types of agricultural animals so successful combined the qualities
of high efficiency, meatness, milkness, wool productivity and suitability to harsh
condition of deserts and semi-deserts as camel, therefore, in most countries of the
world people occupied with camel breeding for increasing productivity of cheap
high quality meat, milk and wool.
Camel husbandry in Karakalpakstan is the traditional branch of livestock
breeding. Natural climate conditions, foremost, existence of large desert pastures
encourage its development.
Stockbreeders of the Republic of Karakalpakstan from the long time occupy
with breeding single-humpback camels - dromedary (camelus dromedarius), and
breed turkmen arvan is accounted as the art of national breeder. Apart from this at
Karakalpak part of Usturt together with dromedary there are also two-humpback
camels - Bactrian (camelus bactrianus) of kazakh breed. Therefore, hybrids of two
types are widely spread in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. This conditioned in that
our republic is situated in the joint habitation of the mentioned two types of camels.
According to the zoological classification the kind of camels (camelus) is
divided into two separate types: two-humpback camels - Bactrian (camelus
bactrianus) and single-humpback camels - dromedary (camelus dromedarius).
Bactrian. Spesific peculiarities of Bactrian, except two humpback, is long
massive trunk comparing with short legs and furry wool, which consists of thin pile
and over hair. Just good furry wool lets Bactrian to live in the places of harsh
winter by not suffering from cold.
Face part of Bactrian is wide in eye-socket, comparing with short face bones.
The neck is shorter than dromedary's but more arched. The top edge of mane
reaches to 40-60 cm on male, on all lower edge - beard, on forearms - "riding-
breeches". Distance between the basis of front and back humps is 20-40 cm. This
interspace is not full of fat, even on well-fed camels. The basis of back hump ends
on the line of iliac bone. Shoulders and sacrum are low developed.
On Bactrian often met the flawy exterior on formulation of limbs, marked as
sunken wrists, close to saltatory movable joints, saber-fencer back limbs. This
animals are less suitable for pack caravan service than dromedary.
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Dromedary lives in the southern and warm regions as they are not tolerant for
cold winters. They are raised in the south of Kazakhstan, and also in Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and other countries.
Specific feature of dromedary is the existence of one compact hump, short
trunk on long legs and comparing with Bactrian lower development of wool
covering. They have light bones and thinner skin.
Dromedary is more rareripe animal, pregnancy of female is 3 weeks, shorter
than on Bactrian.
Head of dromedary has long face bones, bossy forehead, hawk-nosed shape,
lips are thin and agile, do not tighten as on horses and cattles. Lower lip is often
flabby, cheeks are strongly enlarged and between them and root teeth puts most
amount of food.
Neck of dromedary has well developed muscularity, long and agile. Their
foretop and mane are nor developed, beard grows only on the upper part of neck,
no "riding-breeches" but on the shoulder there is "epaulet", consisting of long
crimped fiber which Bactrian does not have.
It is well-known that camel is an animal exceptionally grass-feeding and can
be fed with the most raw and little nourishing food. It is able to eat the plant with
the barbs, which can be eaten by neither of the other animals. From 50 main types
of desert plants 33 types are included into the ration of camel.
All of these show the perspectiveness of camel husbandry in the conditions of
the Southern Aral Sea and the necessity of branch in providing food-safety of
people of the Republic of Karakalpakstan with its rich meat and curative milk.
Breeding this type can also produce quality wool.
Related to the sharp changing of the condition of the region there is also often
observed droughts in pastures of desert.
By decreasing the amount of downfall in spring and especially in summer
months in Kyzyl Kum (Karakalpak part 4 mln. hectare) and in Usturt (7 mln.
hectare) sheep breeders stay on difficult condition. In this situation it is advisable to
stockbreeders of the Republic to choose strong types and domestic breed with the
account of their ecological valency for further breeding. In this plan camels have
adaptation diversity related to different factors of environment, and here camel
husbandry can be the provider of meat, milk (shubat) and also valuable for the
quality and properties of camel wool.
In the past camels were used in agricultural farminh of our Republic. Related
to the occurrence of technology there was no need to working strength of this
animal. They are mainly kept by local people in their private yard for getting milk,
meat and wool.
The change of natural climatr conditions of the Republic little by little shows
the necessity of revival of the branch camel husbandry and on the basis of
zootechnical methods working out effective technologies for breeding camel in
extreme conditions.
It is proved by the researches of scientists that by the correct content and
treatment camels in desert and semi-desert conditions grow well, develops and
gives the prodicts of high quality.
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High suitability to living and breeding in arid regions is their great
compatibility with karakul sheep raising, the ability of producing cheap products,
including milk, not giving in the quality of cows, creats premise for more fully
using them as the reserve for providing people of the Republic with natural milk.
Camel milk and milk products are distinguished with high nourishment, by
containing fat and protein, good gustative and medicinal peculiarities. Female
camels do not surrender with the account of fat milk, and even comes before the
indicators of cows of local breed of cattle.
Biological peculiarity of female camels, which harshly distinguishes them
from other milking animals, is the length of lactation period, which reaches to 350-
450 days and also the ability of lactating all-year pasture content.
In our condition the content of camels can be exclusively economical. Because
here they are fed in pastures all-year. They are fed up only in the period of
unfavorable pasture and the rutting season. Drink water once a day in winter, twice
- in summer and kept in simple type placement.
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