Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети

4.1 Transcribe the words including the initial neutral sound /ə/.

words	transcription	words	transcription	words	transcription
alert about ado abandon again		afar abase ajar abet alarm		abide amass abate anew apart

4.2 Practice the pronunciation of the neutral sound /ə/ in the initial position of the word.

alert about ado abandon again

afar abase ajar abet alarm

abide amass abate anew apart

4.3 Transcribe the words including the neutral sound /ə/ in the mid-position.

words	transcription	words	transcription	words	transcription
bagatelle genesis bachelor cacophony daffodil		declaration factorize gradability harmony idolize		Japanese kedgeree lacerate machinery narrative

4.4 Practice the pronunciation of the neutral sound /ə/ in the mid-position of the word.

bagatelle genesis bachelor cacophony daffodil

declaration factorize gradability harmony idolize

Japanese kedgeree lacerate machinery narrative

4.5 Transcribe the words including the neutral sound /ə/ in the post position.

words	transcription	words	transcription	words	transcription
China banana ever never river		tender umbrella banana worker tundra		writer aroma spider panda comma

4.6 Practice the pronunciation of the neutral sound /ə/ in the post position of the word.

China banana ever never river

tender umbrella banana worker tundra

writer aroma spider panda comma

UNIT 3

Consonants

Lesson 9

The classification of English consonants phonemes



Lead in

A. Match the consonant sounds given in column A with their place of articulation given in column B:

A:	B:	A:	B:
/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/ /f/ /v/ /t/ /d/ /s/ /h/	bilabial labio-dental fore lingual inter lingual back lingual pharyngal	/z/ /l/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ʃ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /ʒ/	bilabial labio-dental fore lingual inter lingual back lingual pharyngal

B. Discuss and guess the other features of consonant sounds.

Task 1. Study the main principles of English consonant classification.

The main principles of the classification of English consonant sounds are the following:

1. 
   The place of articulation;
   
2. 
   The manner of production;
   
3. 
   The presence or absence of voice;
   
4. 
   The position of the soft palate [2, 83].
   

Task 2. Study the consonant classification according to the place of articulation.

According to the place of articulation English consonants may be labial, lingual and pharyngeal. In its turn, two of these subgroups are also divided into the followings: .
Labial:		Lingual:				Pharyngeal:
bilabial: /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.	labio-dental: /f/, /v/.	fore lingual: /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /n/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /ʒ/.	inter lingual: /j/	back lingual: /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.	/h/

Task 3. Study the consonant classification according to the manner of production.

According to the manner of production English consonants may be subdivided into occlusive, constrictive and affricate sounds. In its turn, two of these subgroups are also divided into the followings: .
Occlusive consonants:		Constrictive consonants:		Affricates:
plosives (in the production of which noise is essential): /p/, /t/, /b/, /d/, /k/, /g/.	sonants (in the production of which tone prevails over noise): /m/, /n/, /ŋ/.	fricatives: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /θ/, /ð/, /h/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/.	sonants: /w/, /r/, /l/, /j/.	(they are formed by the stream of air stopped first and then the closure is released with friction): /ʧ/, /ʤ/.

Task 4. Study the consonant classification according to the presence or absence of voice.

According to the presence or absence of voice English consonants are classified into voiced and voiceless sounds. The English voiced consonants are articulated by relatively weak energy of speech organs. But the voiceless consonants are articulated by relatively strong energy.
Voiced consonants:	Voiceless consonants:
/b, d, g, v, z, ð, m, n, ʤ, ʒ, ŋ/	/p, t, k, f, s, t, h, w, r, j, θ, ʧ, ʃ/

Task 5. Study the consonant classification according to the position of the soft palate.

According to the position of the soft palate English consonants are divided into oral and nasal sounds. When the soft palate takes a high position the air-passage into the nasal cavity is blocked and oral consonants are produced. When the soft palate is lowered, the air stream goes through the nasal cavity and nasal consonants are produced.
Oral consonants:	Nasal consonants:
/p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, s, z, t, d, h, w, j, l, r, θ, ð, ʧ, ʤ, ʒ, ʃ/	/ m, n, ŋ/

Task 6. Do the following exercises:

6.1 Classify the following consonants according to the place of articulation:

/p/ - _______________________ /b/ - _______________________ /t/ - _______________________ /d/ - _______________________ /k/ - _______________________ /g/ - _______________________ /f/ - _______________________ /v/ - _______________________ /s/ - _______________________ /z/ - _______________________ /t/ - _______________________ /d/ - _______________________ /h/ - _______________________

/w/ - _______________________ /j/ - _______________________ /l/ - _______________________ /r/ - _______________________ /θ/ - _______________________ /ð/ - _______________________ /ʧ/-_______________________ /ʤ/- _______________________ /ʒ/ - __________________________ /ʃ/ - __________________________ /m/ - _______________________ /n/ - _______________________ /ŋ/ - _______________________

6.2 Classify the following consonants according to the manner of production:

/p/ - _______________________ /b/ - _______________________ /t/ - _______________________ /d/ - _______________________ /k/ - _______________________ /g/ - _______________________ /f/ - _______________________ /v/ - _______________________ /s/ - _______________________ /z/ - _______________________ /t/ - _______________________ /d/ - _______________________ /h/ - _______________________

/w/ - _______________________ /j/ - _______________________ /l/ - _______________________ /r/ - _______________________ /θ/ - _______________________ /ð/ - _______________________ /ʧ/-_______________________ /ʤ/- _______________________ /ʒ/ - __________________________ /ʃ/ - __________________________ /m/ - _______________________ /n/ - _______________________ /ŋ/ - _______________________

6.3 Classify the following consonants according to the presence or absence of voice:

/p/ - _______________________ /b/ - _______________________ /t/ - _______________________ /d/ - _______________________ /k/ - _______________________ /g/ - _______________________ /f/ - _______________________ /v/ - _______________________ /s/ - _______________________ /z/ - _______________________ /t/ - _______________________ /d/ - _______________________ /h/ - _______________________

/w/ - _______________________ /j/ - _______________________ /l/ - _______________________ /r/ - _______________________ /θ/ - _______________________ /ð/ - _______________________ /ʧ/-_______________________ /ʤ/- _______________________ /ʒ/ - __________________________ /ʃ/ - __________________________ /m/ - _______________________ /n/ - _______________________ /ŋ/ - _______________________