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Exercise 6. Transcribe the words including the monophthongs /ɔ:/ - /ɔ/.

Words	Transcription	Words	Transcription
port - pot born - bon corn - con sport - spot cord - cod		court - cot corn - con born - bon dork - dock morn - Mon

Exercise 7. Compare the pronunciation of the long and short monophthongs /a:/ - /ʌ/.

cart - cut dark - duck lark - luck card - cud mark - muck

barn - bun harm - hum charm - chum tart - tut bard - bud

Exercise 8. Transcribe the words including the monophthongs /a:/ - /ʌ/.

Words	Transcription	Words	Transcription
cart - cut dark - duck lark - luck card - cud mark - muck		barn - bun harm - hum charm - chum tart - tut bard - bud

Exercise 9. Compare the pronunciation of the long and short monophthongs /з:/ - /e/.

turn - ten burn - Ben fern - fen pert - pet bird - bed

hurt - het furl - fell perk - peck dirk - deck tern -ten

Exercise 10. Transcribe the words including the monophthongs /з:/ - /e/.

Words	Transcription	Words	Transcription
turn - ten burn - Ben fern - fen pert - pet bird - bed		hurt - het furl - fell perk - peck dirk - deck tern -ten

6.10 Listen and practice the pronunciation of the monophthongs.

Exercise 1. Listen to the letters of the alphabet. If the letter has a sound /ı:/, write /ı:/ under it. If it has a sound /e/, write /e/ under it. If the letter doesn`t have /ı:/ or /e/, don`t write anything [5, 21].

A B C D E F G H I J K L M _____/ı:/ __/ı:/ __________________________________________________ N O P Q R S T V U W X Y Z ___________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Write the words in the box in the correct part of the table. Listen and check [5, 23].

orange woman return collect market begin visit asleep salad teaches needed letter sofa peaches quarter women

vowel in weak syllable = /ә/	vowel in weak syllable = /ı/
woman	orange

Exercise 3. Listen to the student. Do the underlined words have a sound /ʌ/ or /u:/? Write them in the correct part of the table [5, 45].

I studied English at a school in London last summer. I was there for two months: May and June. England is famous for bad food and weather, but I thought the food was good. The pub lunches were very nice. But it`s true about the weather. Too much rain for me!

/ʌ/	/u:/

Exercise 4. Listen to these sentences including the monophthongs /з:/ and /ɔ:/. Is the accent from Britain or America? Write B or A [5, 47].
Example: The girl`s first birthday. A

1. 
   It`s hard work, of course. _____
   
2. 
   Are you sure? _____
   
3. 
   Law and order. _____
   
4. 
   I walk to work. _____
   
5. 
   I saw the bird fall. _____
   
6. 
   He was born on Thursday the thirty first. _____
   
7. 
   She taught German. _____
   
8. 
   I learned to surf in Brazil. _____
   
9. 
   “Caught” and “court” sound the same
   

in my accent. _____

Lesson 7

Diphthongs and their features



Lead in

A. Read the text and underline the letters pronounced as diphthongs in the words of it.

SOCIETY Men usually want to have their own way. They want to think and act as they like. No one, however, can have his own way all the time. A man cannot live in society without taking into account the interest of others as well as his own interests. "Society" means a group of people with the same laws and the same way of life. People in society may make their own decisions, but these decisions ought not to be unjust or detrimental to others.

B. Check your answer once more and discuss it with tour partner. Say why you think that the letters which you underlined in the task A are pronounced as diphthongs.
Task 1. Study what a diphthong is.

A diphthong is a vowel sound in which the tongue changes its position to produce the sound of two vowels . Diphthongs consist of two elements which are not separated into syllables. The beginning element of a diphthong is called the nucleus and the ending element of it is called the glide. English diphthongs are divided into three subgroups according to which vowel they glide to:

1. 
   Diphthongs with an /ı/-glide: /eı/, /aı/, /ɔı/;
   
2. 
   Diphthongs with an /u/-glide: /au/, /әu/;
   
3. 
   Diphthongs with an /ә/-glide: /ıә/, /eә/, /uә/.
   

Task 2. Study the pronunciation of diphthongs with an /ı/-glide: /eı/, /aı/, /ɔı/.

The diphthong /eı/ is pronounced with the bulk of the tongue in the front part of the mouth cavity. During the pronunciation of the nucleus of this diphthong the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate, as for /e/.after completing the nucleus, the front part of the tongue glides still higher, moving in the direction of /ı/. During the pronunciation of both the nucleus and the glide the lips are slightly spread. The opening between the jaws is rather narrow, a little wider for the nucleus than for the glide [1, 55].

Listen and study the pronunciation of the vowel sound /eı/ [5, 12].

The diphthong /aı/ is pronounced with the bulk of the tongue in the front part of the mouth cavity, but slightly retracted. During the pronunciation of the nucleus of the diphthong the front of the tongue is slightly raised, but lower than for /æ/. During the glide the front of the tongue moves higher, in the direction of /ı/, but without reaching it. The glide of /aı/ sounds, in fact, like a weak /e/. The opening between the jaws is rather wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide [1, 56].

Listen and study the pronunciation of the vowel sound /eı/ [5, 30].

The diphthong /ɔı/. During the pronunciation of the nucleus of the diphthong the bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth; the back of the tongue is slightly raised. But it is not so low as for the vowel /ɔ/. The lips are slightly rounded. In pronouncing the glide the tongue moves forward and upward in the direction of the position for /ı/, without actually reaching it. The glide sounds like a weak /e/. The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide [1, 57].

Listen and study the pronunciation of the vowel sound /eı/ [5, 48].

Task 3. Study the pronunciation of diphthongs glide to /u/.

The diphthong /au/. The nucleus is pronounced with the bulk of the tongue in the front part of the mouth, but slightly retracted. The front of the tongue is slightly raised. In pronouncing the glide the tongue moves higher and backward, in the direction of /u/, without actually reaching its position. As a result, the glide of /au/ often sounds like a weak /o/. The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide [1, 57].

Listen and study the pronunciation of the vowel sound /eı/ [5, 48].

The diphthong /әu/. During the pronunciation of the nucleus the central part of the tongue is in the /з:/ position. During the glide the back of the tongue rises higher, moving in the direction of /u/. the lips are neutral at the beginning of the diphthong but during the glide they are almost as much rounded as for /u/ [1, 58].

Listen and study the pronunciation of the vowel sound /eı/ [5, 40].
Task 4. Study the pronunciation of diphthongs glide to /ə/.

The diphthong /ıә/. During the pronunciation of the nucleus the bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth cavity. The front of the tongue is raised to the position of the vowel /ı/. In pronouncing the glide the tongue moves back and down towards /ә/, the articulation of which is fully accomplished. When the diphthong /ıә/ occurs in an open syllable and followed by a pause, the glide sounds like the vowel /ʌ/. The lips are neutral [1, 58].

The diphthong /eә/. During the pronunciation of the nucleus the bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is mid-way between the positions for /e/ and /æ/, the nucleus of /eә/ is more open than the vowel /e/. The lips are spread and neutral. In pronouncing the glide the bulk of the tongue moves to position for /ә/. When the diphthong /eә/ occurs in a word - final position, the glide sounds like the vowel /ʌ/ [1, 58].

Listen and study the pronunciation of the vowel sound /eı/ [5, 36].

The diphthong /uә/. During the pronunciation of the nucleus the bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity, but slightly advanced. The back of the tongue is raised as higher as for the vowel /u/. In pronouncing the glide the tongue moves down to the position of the vowel /ә/, which is actually pronounced [1, 59].

Task 5. Do the following exercises: