Tashkent pediatric medical institute

Identification of Bones

Spinal Column

Supports the head, keeps trunk erect, protects spinal cord.

Sections:

Cervical—first 7 neck vertebrae (C1–C7)

Thoracic—12 chest vertebrae (T1–T12)

Lumbar—5 back vertebrae (L1–L5)

Sacral—1 large vertebra fused from five original bones

Coccyx (tailbone)—1 vertebra fused from four original bones

Cartilage disks separate the vertebrae to absorb shock and allow flexibility.

Bones of the Rib Cage

Joints

• Joint Classifications
• Diarthrosis
• Moveable
• Knee, elbow, which has action of a hinge
• Shoulder or hip, which has action like that of ball and socket
• Most joints are diarthrotic and contain:
• Articular cartilage
• Bursa, sack-like capsules for cushioning
• Synovial cavity, filled with synovial fluid for lubrication
• Synovial membrane around and between tendons to lubricate and reduce friction

Joints

A place where any two or more bony parts join together; also called an articulation.

Held together by bands of connective tissue called ligaments.

Joints

• Joint Classifications (cont'd)
• Amphiarthrosis/cartilaginous
• Partly moveable
• Vertebrae
• Synarthrosis/fibrous
• Immovable
• Cranial sutures

• Types of Joints
• Gliding joints
• Found at the end of clavicles, between carpals and tarsals—slight movement.
• Hinge joint
• Angular movement in a single plane—knee, elbow.
• Pivot joint
• Permit rotation only—joint between C1 and C2 allows the head to rotate to either side.
• Ball and socket
• Round head of one bone rests within the cup-like depression in another—shoulder, hip.

• Types of Movement
• Flexion
• Movement that reduces the angle between articulating joints.
• Extension
• Movement that increases the angle between articulating joints.
• Abduction
• Movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body.
• Adduction
• Movement towards the longitudinal axis of the body.
• Rotation
• Turning around the longitudinal axis of the body or limb.

Diagnostic Examinations

• Athroscopy
• Visual inspection of a joint with an endoscope.
• Computer Tomography (CT scan)
• An x-ray which allows three dimensional views.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Process uses strong magnets and radio waves to construct a three dimensional image.
• Advantages over CT scan:
• No radiation used.
• Soft tissues seen in more detail.
• Disadvantages:
• More expensive.
• Patients put in tube; obesity or claustrophobia could be a problem for some patients.
• X-ray
• Image produced by ionizing radiation.

Common Diseases and Disorders

• Arthritis
• Description: joint inflammation.
• More than 100 different types.
• Currently affects 40 million Americans, mostly women.
• Most common forms:
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Gout
• Fibromyalgia
• Lupus

• Bursitis
• Description: inflammation of sac located around a joint; most often occurs at hip, shoulder, or knee.
• SX: pain upon movement, limited motion of joint.
• Causes: usually occurs in middle age and is result of recurring trauma or inflammatory joint disease.
• TX: joint rest, pain medication, steroid injection combined with anesthetic, removal of fluid by aspiration, physical therapy.

Handout

References:

• 1. English in Topics M.Sh.Kamilova, М.А. Shukurova, Tashkent, 2010.
• 2. Essential Medical Terminology M.Sh.Kamilova, Kh.D.Aymetova, D.R.Nabiyeva, Tashkent, 2010.