Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

Sound-imitation is formation of words from sounds that resemble those associated with the object or action to be named or that seem suggestive of its qualities.
The words of this group are made by imitating different types of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, human beings and inanimate objects. Sounds produced by the same kind of animals are frequently represented by different sound groups in different language:

	Russian	English
Dogs	Гавкать, выть.	Bark, howl
Cock	Кукарекать	Cock-a-doodle-doo
Cats	Мяукать	Mew, Miaow
Cows	Мычать	Moo, Low
Frog	Квакать	Croak
Duck	Крякать	Quack

The sound of the verbs to rush, to dash, to flash, may be said to reflect the brevity, swiftness and energetic nature of their corresponding actions.
In reduplication new words are made up by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes as in buy-buy or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant as in ping-pong, chit-chat (the second type is called gradational reduplication). Examples: bye - bye, ping - pong (onomatopoeia ), drip – drop, chit – chat, walkie - talkie - портативный радиоплеер, dilly - dallying - wasting time, goody - goody – слащавый, buddy - buddy – заискивающий, etc.


Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What is the principle for distinguishing major and minor types of word formation?
   
2. 
   What are portmanteau words?
   
3. 
   What is the process of backformation?
   
4. 
   Can you give examples of sound interchange in English and Russian/Uzbek?
   

5. What type of word formation can we observe in the pairs ‘to record – a record?
6. What other minor types of word building can we observe in Modern English?