Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

Lecture 13: Minor types of word formation
Plan of the lecture:
1. Blending
2. Backformation
3. Sound interchange
4. Change of stress
5. Lexicalisation of plural forms of nouns
6. Sound imitation and Reduplication

In today’s lecture we will speak about minor types of WF, which are not so active in creating neologisms as affixation or conversion, however they can not be ignored as they make a part of the whole word-formation system and possess unique features and functions in the vocabulary enrichment.

The list of minor types of WF include:

1. 
   Blending
   
2. 
   Back - formation
   
3. 
   Sound interchange
   
4. 
   Change of stress
   
5. 
   Onomatopoeia - Sound - imitation
   
6. 
   Lexicalization of the plural form
   
7. 
   Affixation together with sound graduation
   
8. 
   Reduplication
   
9. 
   Adjectivization
   
10. 
    Substantivization
    

At the previous lecture we spoke about shortening and abbreviation, as they actually occupy the intermediate position between major and minor types. Therefore today we will deal with minor types of WF one by one.
There is a specific group among minor types of WF that has attracted special attention of several authors and was even given several different names: blends, blendings, fusions or portmanteau words. The last term is due to Lewis Carroll, the author of “Alice in Wonderland” and “Through the Looking Glass”. One of the most linguistically conscious writers, he made a special technique of using blends coined by himself, such as chortle v aa< slimy+lithe.Humpty Dumpty explaining these words to Alice says “You see it’s like a portmanteau — there are two meanings packed up into one word.” The process of formation is also called telescoping, because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope. Blends may be defined as formations that combine two words and include the letters or sounds they have in common as a connecting element.
Thus, blending is the process of combining parts of two words to form one word. Blends are formations, that combine 2 words, and include the letters or sounds, they have in common as a connecting element. E.g. Smog=smoke + fog.
Blended words are subdivided into thematic groups: