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Declarations - The speaker declares something that has the potential to bring about a change in the world.
'I now declare you husband and wife.' 'You're fired!'
Assertives - The speaker asserts an idea, opinion, or suggestion. The speaker presents 'facts' of the world, such as statements and claims.
'Paris is the capital of France.'
'I watched a great documentary last night.'
Expressives - The speaker states something about their psychological attitudes and their attitudes towards a situation. This could be an apology, a welcome, or an expression of gratitude.
I'm so sorry about yesterday. ' 'I really appreciate your help.'
Directives - The speaker intends to get the listener to do something. This could be by giving an order, offering advice, or making a request.
'Pass me the salt please.' 'You should not drink that!'
Commissives - The speaker commits to doing something in the future. This could be making a promise, a plan, a vow, or a bet.
'I'll see you at 6 tomorrow' 'I do!'
Speech act theory is a subfield of pragmatics. The theory is concerned with the way words can be used to not only give information but also to perform certain actions, or to cause others to perform them.
The philosopher JL Austin first introduced Speech Act theory in his book How To Do Things With Words. 1 The theory was developed by American philosopher J. R Searle. ²
Both philosophers aimed to understand the degree to which language is said to perform locutionary acts (make an utterance), illocutionary acts (say something with a purpose), and perlocutionary acts (say something that causes others to act). Are you feeling overwhelmed by these big terms? Don't worry, we will cover them in more depth shortly!
Speech act theory recognizes language as a vehicle for activity and states that utterances often do more than just reflect meaning. Language can be used to get things done and to accomplish objectives within specific situations. Today, speech act theory is used in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, legal theory, and even in AI as a way of helping us to understand human communication. There are three main actions related to speech acts: