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XORAZM MA
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MUN AKADEMIYASI AXBOROTNOMASI
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9/2020
153
it's raining in different situational contexts can have different pragmatic meanings: I'm not going
anywhere (refusal), Take an umbrella (advice), Bad weather (statement of fact) and with a question
intonation
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(request for information).
If there are a variety of opinions about the object and subject of language research within the
framework of pragmatics, some similar ideas can be identified:
1) the key concept for describing language communication in pragmalinguistics is the concept
of activity;
2) language is a means of dynamic interaction of communicants;
3) the functioning of language is inextricably linked with the situational and
sociopsychological context of its use.
It should be noted that the speech act occurs in a certain communicative situation. A
communicative situation encourages a person to perform a speech act, and it can be defined as a
complex set of "external communication conditions and internal mental States of the
communicators represented in speech behavior
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utterance...". Thus the speech act is based on
three-level unity: locationy, allocatively and perlocutionary. Speech behavior in a commu nicative
situation goes through several stages from establishing contact to completing the dialogue,
including intermediate stages-developing the topic and maintaining the conversation. The tactic and
art of speech behavior dictates the choice between explicit and implicit expression of
communicative intent. If there is an implication in the statement, the communicative competence
corrects speech behavior, which is a set of personal qualities and capabilities of both verbal and
nonverbal knowledge and skills that provide a person's communicative organization.
Communication competence has five levels:
1) psychophysiological features of the personality (development of mental processes, the
device of articulation apparatus, character accentuation, psychological complexes, etc.);
2) ideological orientation of the individual, its values;
3) language competence of the individual (the ability to distinguish between homonymy and
synonymy, to choose from the entire diverse arsenal of language tools those that are most
acceptable and appropriate for achieving an illocutionary goal);
4) social status: origin, gender, age, profession, social role;
5) communicative knowledge, abilities and skills (communicative norms).
Thus, pragmalinguistics studies language as a means of influence. The subject of
pragmalinguistics is a set of language information as a control, i.e. the choice of language tools
from a set of equivalent ones for the best impact is made. Speech influences a person's
consciousness and emotions, forming and regulating their behavior. In the last decade,
pragmalinguistics has been actively studying the nature and functioning of text. A number of
scientists focus on various aspects of the text as an element of the communication system. The fact
that it is created for the implementation of communication goals and is always associated with the
act of communication, for many researchers, is the main argument confirming that the text is
primarily a speech phenomenon. The need to refer to the text is an objective and natural
phenomenon based on the universal connection and interaction of language units in the process of
their functioning. If the text is a language unit, then it, according to L.S.Barkhudarov,
M.M.Bakhtin, V.V.Vinogradov, G.V.Kolshansky, should have the same formal characteristics that
distinguish it as an integral discrete formation from the general speech flow, as other language units
have. The language and grammatical components of a text consist in establishing its grammatical
and linguistic features. The language component of the text is expressed in the approach to
highlighting its main unit - a certain segment that includes a sequence of related sentences.
Recognizing the text's pragmalinguistics identity, researchers attempt to find the common
thing that unites different texts: the reproducibility of language units, a person's systemic
knowledge of the world around them. Thus, according to M.M.Bakhtin, the text is "a coherent sign
complex, which is built according to the laws of the language, which contains lexical means,
pronouns, temporary and modal forms that are reproduced and repeated in the construction of texts
for this purpose". G.V.Kolshansky states that "a microsystem that can embody the system
knowledge of the world displayed in human knowledge is a text that functions in society as the
main language unit".I.A.Zimnyaya states that less definitely about the nature of the text, considering
that it is "a more complex phenomenon that cannot be reduced to language (language system) or
speech". All this indicates that scientists still do not have a common opinion about the linguistics of
the text and, in particular, about the latter's belonging to the units of speech and language units.
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