Xelisufleba da sazogadoeba (istoria, Teoria, praqtika)” Scientific magazine “authority and society

daskvna
dResdReobiT saqarTvelos moqmed wylis kanonmdeblobaSi an SemoTavazebul koncefciaSi erTaderTi inovacia aris wylis saauzo marTvis danergvis iniciativa. saauzo marTva, Tavis mxriv, wylis resursebis integrirebuli marTvis mxolod instruments da marTvis erTeuls warmoadgens. mdinaris auzSi ki ar unda ganxorcieldes wylis resursebis integrirebuli marTva, rogorc magaliTad wylis koncefciis Sesaxeb dokumenti gvTavazobs.

wylis koncefciis samTavrobo dokumentSi aqcenti ekonomikur mogebazea gadatanili. kerZo seqtoris CarTva, iol gamosavlad aris miCneuli _rodesac saxelmwifo ixsnis wylis “movlis“ valdebulebas da mas kerZo seqtors gadaabarebs. Tumca, daviwyebulia, rom kerZo saqtoris CarTva saxelmwifos maregulirebel funqcias ara Tu amsubuqebs, aramed ufro aZlierebs. amdenad, mTavari mizani wylis resursebis sworad marTvis, wylis dacvis saWiroebis gacnobierebaa.

maSin, roca finansuri, adamianuri da teqnikuri resursebis simcire jer kidev SeuZlebels xdis kargi garemosdacviTi mmarTvelobis bazisis Seqmnas saqarTveloSi, Zalze naadrevi Cans radikaluri nabijebis gadadgma wylis resursebze sakuTrebis sferoSi. garda, amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom garemosdacviTi mmarTvelobis warmateba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis integraciaze ekonomikur da ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebSi.


gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. 
   saqarTvelos kanoni garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, 1997
   
2. 
   saqarTvelos kanoni wylis Sesaxeb, 1997
   
3. 
   saqarTvelos kanoni licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb, 2005
   
4. 
   saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi, 1984
   
5. 
   saqarTvelos kanoni bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis mosakreblebis Sesaxeb, 2004
   
6. 
   mwvane alternativa. “wylis resursebis marTva da dacva saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris midgomebi” Tbilisi, 2007
   

Summary
Mariam Lomidze

Management and protection of water resources of Georgia
Nowadays according to the existing Georgian Water legislation, or offered conception, the only innovation is the initiative of introduction of management of water ponds. Pond management represents the instrument of integrated management of water resources. Integrated management of water resources should not take place in the river pond, as it is given in the document about water conception. In addition, it is remarkable that the success of enviromental managenment depends on the integration of enviromental question and the decisions concerning economy and development.

Резюме
Мариам Ломидзе

Управление и охрана водных ресурсов Грузии
На сегодняшний день в действующем в Грузии водном законодательстве или в его предложенной концепции единственной инновацией является инновация введения управления водным бассейном. Управление бассейном, в свою очередь, представляет собой лишь инструмент интегрированного управления водными ресурсами. В бассейне же реки не должно осуществляться интегрированное управление водными ресурсами, как, к примеру, предлагает документ о водной концепции. Кроме того, необходимо учесть, что успех управления средой в значительной степени зависит от интеграции в вопросах защиты среды и в решениях, связанных с экономикой и ее развитием.


msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri procesebis fonze saxelmwifoebisTvis sul ufro globaluri xdeba energousafrTxoebis Tema. energopolitika dRes nebismieri qveynis politikuri usafrTxoebis qvakuTxedia.

dRes msoflio politikis dRis wesrigSi energomatareblebis Temas pirveli adgili ukavia da Sesabamisad gazisa da navTobisken mimavali yvela gza didi saxelmwifoebis politikuri brZolis frontia. am gzis mniSvnelovani monakveTi saqarTvelozec gadis.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTi yvelanairad cdilobs sakuTari politikuri gavlenis SenarCunebas kavkasiis regionSi, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi. dRes am regionSi aSS-s interesebis gaZlierebaSi da nato-s gafarToebaSi ruseTi Tavisi nacionaluri interesebisTvis safrTxes xedavs

dsT-s farglebSi ruseTis politikuri gavlenis uzrunvelyofa ZiriTadad ekonomikuri interesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi es interesi kaspiis navTobis mopovebasa da misi transportirebis kontrolSi gamoixateboda. dasavleTisTvis ki, ruseTisgan damoukideblad kaspiis navTobis tranzitis saukeTeso alternativas saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis amoqmedebiT ruseTma regionSi seriozuli marcxi ganicada

21-e saukunidan ruseTma Tavis kavkasiur geopolitikaSi, uSualo samxedro Carevebis nacvlad, politikuri brZolis instrumentad energomatareblebisa da ekonomikuri sanqciebis gamoyeneba daiwyo. mkveTri prodasavluri orientaciisa da nato-Si realuri gawevrianebis perspeqtivis gamo, man gansakuTrebuli dartyma saqarTvelos miayena.

ruseTSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis savizo reJimis SemoRebas, 2005 wlis dekemberSi ukve qarTuli agraruli produqciis, 2006 wlis martSi qarTuli Rvinos da amave wlis maisSi qarTuli mineraluri wylebis akrZalva mohyva. swored am periodSi ruseTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg energoblokadac ganaxorciela, rodesac gazsadenis ~afeTqebis~ Sedegad umkacres zamTarSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi gazis gareSe darCa. 2007 wlis dasawyisSi ki ruseTma saqarTvelos gazis fasi gauormaga. (1)

saqarTveloSi situaciis destabilizaciam SeiZleba mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba iqonios baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis momaval bedze da Sesabamisad dasavleTis interesebis gafarToebis strategiul gegmebze. marTalia, aRniSnuli milsadeni 2005 wlidan muSaobs, magram is jer kidev iseTi momgebiani ar aris, rogorc dagegmili iyo. imisaTvis, rom is rentabeluri gaxdes, saWiroa yazaxeTisa da TurqmeneTis gadawyvetileba, rom maTi navTobisa da gazis transportireba moxdeba jer baqoSi da baqodan Semdeg gaedineba Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenSi. es ruseTisTvis morigi seriozuli marcxi iqneba. amitom, saqarTveloSi situaciis destabilizacia ruseTs, kaspiis navTobis sakuTari teritoriidan tranzitisTvis, saukeTeso kartebs sTavazobs.

marTalia, dRes kavkasiaSi navTobis transportirebaze ruseTis monopolia aRar arsebobs, magram igi gaaqtiurda kaspiis regionis aRmosavleT nawilSi. saerTo energo da koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis interesebis safuZvelze Seiqmna Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO. Sanxais TanamSromlobis organizacia), romelSic ruseTTan erTad CineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi da uzbekeTi gawevriandnen. damkvirveblis statusi aqvT indoeTs, pakistans, monRoleTsa da irans.

ruseTis miswrafeba, gaxdes energogiganti, ruseTis prezidentma putinma sanavTobo kompaniebis ~privatizaciiT~ da maTi saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS daqvemdebarebiT daiwyo. kremlis mier kontrolirebadi gazpromi ki dRes, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, sagareo politikaSi sakuTari didi ambiciebi ganaxorcielos.

rac Seexeba ruseTis ganviTarebas zogadad, is SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc korufciuli sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba avtoritaruli reJimis farglebSi. kremlisTvis samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, demokratia, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, sabazro ekonomika mxolod politikuri instrumentebia da ara TavisTavadi Rirebulebebi, romelTac TviTmyofadi ganviTarebis tendencia gaaCnia. es TviTmyofadoba ki, pirvel rigSi politikur procesebSi sazogadoebis Tanamonawileobis maRali xarisxiT ganisazRvreba.

ruseTSi prezidenti putini, energousafrTxoebis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, sul ufro metad amyarebs saxelmwifos poziciebs energetikaSi. man Tavisi piradi garemocvidan daniSna xelmZRvanelebi iseT ~energogigantebSi~, rogorebicaa ~ees-rosii~, ~gazpromi~, ~rosnefti~, birTvuli energosawvavis kompania ~rgcl~, navTobsadenebis monopolia ~transnefteproduqti. xSirad ruseTis mTavroba sabazro meqanizmebiT, wilis da aqciebis gamosyidvis gziTac axerxebs saxelmwifo kontrolis dawesebas. amis mkafio magaliTia ~iukosis~ da ~saxalin 2~-is gaxmaurebuli movlenebi gasul wels. analogiuri scenarebiT moqmedebs ruseTi dsT-s masStabiTac.

amis naTeli magaliTia, ruseTis moqmedeba ukrainisa da belorusiis mimarT, rodesac putinma lukaSenkosTan SeTanxmebas ver miaRwia ori saxelmwifos belorusiis da ruseTis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. rac putins miscemda saSualebas rogorc axlad Seqmnili qveynis prezidents kvlav gaegrZelebina Tavisi prezidentobis vada, man gauormaga belorusias gazis gadasaxadi, radganac am Tanxis gadaxda belorisiis ekonomikis moSlas gamoiwvevda. belorusiam kontrargumentad tranzitis Tanxa mniSvnelovnad gazarda, rac aseve miuRebeli aRmoCnda ruseTisaTvis da daiwyo gazis gadaketva, gazis dataceba, konfliqtebi or saxelmwifos Soris. amis Semdeg ruseTma axali moTxovna wauyena belarusis mTavrobas `beltransgazi~-s aqciebis sakontrolo paketis miyidvis Sesaxeb.

2007 wlis pirvelive dReebSi, belarusis mTavrobasa da s\s ~gazproms~ Soris xelSekrulebis gaformebiT, dasrulda ruseT-belorusis ~gazis omi~. am kontraqtiT aTas kub.m bunebriv airs belarusi wels miiRebs 100 aSS dolarad. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gazgamanawilebeli qselis kompania ~beltransgazi~-s aqciebis sakontrolo paketi pirdapiri miyidvis formiT, anu ukonkurentod, martSi ~gazpromma~ SeiZina. man miaRwia mizans _ baltiis zRvis fskerze rusul-evropuli gazsadenis intensiuri mSeneblobis fonze am garigebiT ruseTma evropis bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareoba gainaRda.

analogiuri scenariT cdilobs ruseTi ukrainis dasjas narinjisferi revoluciis Semdeg. ruseTis azriT ukraina unda daisajos survilisaTvis gaerTiandes ~natoSi~. amitom ruseTi kidev erTxel Zveli scenariT aormagebs gazis gadasaxads. ukraina zrdis tranzitis Tanxas. mcirdeba gazis nakadi ukrainul milebSi. ukraina cxadia ver datovebda Tavis xalxs gaTbobis gareSe, ramac gamoiwvia zamTarSi rigi evropuli saxelmwifoebis datoveba gazis gareSe. aman kidev erTxel warmoaCina ruseTi evropisa da sxva saxelmwifoebis winaSe rogorc arasaimedo partniori. rac Seexeba gazis oms ruseTsa da ukrainas Soris, igi dResac grZeldeba. rameTu ruseTma wauyena mravalmilioniani davalianeba ukrainas rasac igi dReisaTvis ar scnobs. aRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom rusulma energogigantma dsT-s sivrceSi gazis gamanawilebeli kompaniebis uSualod gakontroleba daisaxab miznad. amitom saqarTveloSi energo obieqtebis privatizeba ganxilul unda iqnes ara marto wminda fiskaluri kuTxiT, anu biujetSi mosalodneli saprivatizebo (kapitaluri) Semosavlebis mobilizaciis, aramed geopolitikur-evropis alternatiuli gazmomaragebis _ aspeqtSic. micedavad amisa, samwuxarod, dRes arsebuli geopolitikuri Sexedulebebi (rogorc gavlenian saxelisuflebo, ise saparlamento opoziciis wreebSi) erTob trivialur daskvnamde daiyvaneba _ ra mniSvneloba aqvs, vis ekuTvnis ~magistraluri gazsadeni~, mTavaria is, rom resursebis wyaro mainc qveynis gareTaa da misi gadaketvis gziT politikuri zegavlena advilia.

rusuli energokompaniebis strategias, uwinares yovlisa, maTze saxelmwifos pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri kontroli ganapirobebs, romelic aRniSnul samewarmeo subieqtebs rusuli geopolitikuri interesebis aqtiur gamtareblebad gadaaqcevs. aqedan gamomdinare, ~gazpromma~ gadawyvita, gamoiyenos somxeT/saqarTvelos gazis qseli, rogorc iranuli gazis evropaSi tranzitis sapirispiro gza. swored amiTaa gamowveuli ~gazpromis~ mzardi interesi Cveni magistraluri gazsadenis privatizebaSi. sxvagvarad ver aixsneba ~gazpromis~ daintereseba maRali simZlavris dautvirTavi (ZiriTadi _ 1200 mm, sarezervo _ 700 mm milebi sanaxevrodac araa datvirTuli! misi saproeqto simZlavrea 18 mln.kub.m, ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg moxmarebis Semcirebis gamo is mxolod 9,5 mln.kub.m-s atarebs weliwadSi) gazsadenis mimarT, romliTac saqarTvelo da somxeTi rusuli an Turqmenuli gaziT maragdeba. amitomacaa, rom ~gazpromma~ mxari dauWira iranidan somxeTSi gazsadenis mSeneblobas. ufro metic, man monawileoba miiRo gazsadenis mSeneblobis dafinansebaSi _ ~gazpromidan~ 140 mln. dolaris kreditiT gazsadenis 120-kilometriani somxuri monakveTi gaiyvanes. gazsadeni 2007 wlis 20 martidan ukve funqcionirebs! amave dros, ~gazpromi~ aqtiuradaa CarTuli iranis ~samxreT farsis~ gazis sabados aTvisebaSi. igi flobs 30-procentian wils da aSenebs 56-duimian gazsadens CrdiloeT iranis mimarTulebiT. e.i. saqarTveloze gamavali magistraluri gazsadenis privatizebis SemTxvevaSi ~gazproms~ eqneba sakuTari (anu iranSi mopovebuli) gazi da mili (anu Cveni ~magistraluri gazsadeni~) evropaSi gazis gadasagzavnad. amasTan, vinaidan 1998 wlis Semdeg, ~arasasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizebis~ Sesaxeb kanonis moTxovniT, yvela saxelmwifo obieqti miwianad unda gaiyidos, ~gazproms~ eqneba mili Tavis mimdebare miwianad. es ki ruseTs saSualebas miscems, gazsadenis usafrTxoebis dacvis motiviT moiTxovos garkveuli samxedro kontingentis gamoyeneba gazsadenis nebismier wertilSi. sxvaTa Soris, 1999 wels ~gazis saerTaSoriso korporaciis~ Seqmna da mis sawesdebo kapitalSi magistraluri gazsadenis Cadeba Tavdapirvelad swored erToblivi rusul-qarTuli sawarmos (saxelwodebaSi ~saerTaSoriso~ swored am mizeziT gaCnda) Sesaqmnelad iyo mofiqrebuli. analogiuri scenariT gaCnda Tavis droze rusul-qarTuli eleqtroenergetikuli sawarmo ~saqrusenergoc~. misi sawesdebo kapitali rusul mxares unda Seevso ~zestafoni-axalqalaqi~ eleqtrogadamcemi xazis mSeneblobiT, rac Semdeg yarsis mimarTulebiT gagrZeldeboda, da saboloo daniSnulebiT axlo aRmosavleT/ruseTis erTiani energosistemis Seqmna iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

SeuZlebelia daeTanxmo mosazrebas, TiTqos ~gazproms~ Cveni gazsadeni TurqeTSi gazis tranzitisTvis sWirdeba. TurqeTis bazari ~gazproms~ isedac ukve aTvisebuli aqvs bulgareTis gavliT ~progresisa~ da Savi zRvis fskerze gamavali ~cisferi nakadis~ milsadenebis saSualebiT. Cveni magistraluri gazsadenis privatizebiT da gazis nakadis mimarTulebis SecvliT ruseTi ganimtkicebs evropaSi gayvanis Semdgom, arsebuli gazsadenebiTa (~megobroba~, ~progresis~) da iranuli gaziT mas garantirebuli eqneba evropaze xangrZlivi goepolitikuri zemoqmedeba. Tanac, kidev ufro ~miibams~ strategiul partniorebs _ somxeTsa da irans. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom evropis sabWos 2006 wlis 24 martis gadawyvetilebaSi dafiqsirebulia: ~unda ganviTardes kaspiis regionidan gazmomaragebis axali marSrutebi. evrokavSiris gafarToebis dros mxedvelobaSia misaRebi energousafrTxoeba~.

amrigad, Tu saqarTvelo, Sesabamisi strategiiT, xels ar SeuSlis ucxouri saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebad kompaniebs Cveni energoqselebis privatizebaSi, maSin qveynis prodasavluri kursi winaaRmdegobaSi mova mTavrobis Sida ekonomikur politikasTan. anu Tu evropaSi integracia gvsurs, xeli unda SevuwyoT ruseTis gverdis avliT gazis alternatiuli gzebiT tranzits.

Tavisi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis rusuli ~gazpromi~ azerbaijanuli gazis SesyidviT dainteresda, Tumca mxareebi urTierTxelsayrel fasze jerjerobiT ver SeTanxmdnen. ~gazpromisTvis~ azerbaijanuli mxaris mier SeTavazebuli fasi miuRebeli aRmoCnda. amis Sesaxeb azerbaijanis saxelmwifo navTobkompaniis prezidentma rovnag abdulaevma azerbaijanis satelevizio arx ANS-Tan interviuSi ganacxada. rovnag abdulaevis gancxadebiT, azerbaijanma ~gazproms~ 2007 wlis maisSi aTasi kub. metri gazis 230 aSS dolarad yidva SesTavaza. Tumca rusuli mxare aTasi kub. metri gazis Sesyidvas gacilebiT dabal fasad moiTxovda. rogorc abdulaevi acxadebs, azerbaijani evropis gazis momaragebis saqmeSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan pozicias ikavebs. am droisTvis azerbaijanis saxelmwifo navTobkompania proeqt Nabucco-s monawile kompaniebTan da qveynebTan molaparakebas awarmoebs. ~Cven momxre varT, rom gazis eqsporti TurqeTi-saberZneTi-italiis mimarTulebiT moxdes da am proeqtis monawile qveynebTan mudmiv kontaqtSi vimyofebiT,~ _ ganacxada abdulaevma.azerbaijanis saxelmwifo navTobkompania 2008 wels gazis mopovebis gazrdas 55 procentiT, daaxloebiT 8 miliard kubur metramde gegmavs. azerbaijanis respublikas gazze sakuTari moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad daaxloebiT 12-13 miliardi kuburi metri gazi sWirdeba. azerbaijanis saxelmwifo navTobkompaniis garda, am qveyanaSi gazs moipoveben: BP (25%), Statoil (25.5%), LUKOIL (10%), NICO (10%), Total (10%) da TPAO (9%). TviTon azerbaijanis saxelmwifo navTobkompaniis wilad mopovebuli gazis 10 procenti modis.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sah-denizze gazis mopoveba stabilurad gagrZeldeba, am sabadodan 8.6 miliardi kuburi metri gazis mopovebas moelian. Sah-denizis gazi azerbaijans, saqarTvelos navTobisa da gazis korporacias da BOTAS-s (TurqeTi) miewodeba.

iranTan SeTanxmeba ukve miRweulia _ ~gazpromi~ iranuli navTobisa da gazis mopovebaSi, transportirebasa da gayidvaSi mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs. rusuli saxelmwifo monopolisti pirvel etapze ~samxreT parsis~ da kunZul kiSze arsebuli navTobisa da gazis sabadoebis damuSavebaSi miiRebs monawileobas. ~gazpromi~ iranSi mas Semdeg gaaqtiurda, rac qveynis xelmZRvanelobam sabadoebze Cinuri kompaniebis daSvebis da momavalSi gazsaden NABUCCO-sTvis gazis miwodebis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaakeTa.

sparseTis yuris SelfSi gazisa da navTobis erToblivi mopovebis Sesaxeb ~gazpromis~ xelmZRvaneli aleqsei mileri iranis navTobis ministrTan ukve SeTanxmda. sainformacio saagento ISNA (Teirani) azustebs, rom erTi an ramdenime erToblivi sawarmos SeTanxmebas iranis navTobis ministri da ~gazpromis~ xelmZRvaneli xels aprilSi an maisSi moaweren. saagento SHANA-s informaciiT ki, SeTanxmeba samxreT da CrdiloeT parsis da kunZul kiSze arsebuli sabadoebis erTobliv damuSavebas exeba _ am kunZulze gazis maragi daaxloebiT 1. 37 trilion kubur metrs utoldeba.

garda amisa, ~gazpromi~ iranSi gazsacavis mSeneblobas apirebs da iranis gazis nacionalur kompanias moqmedi gazsadenis diagnostikasa da reabilitaciaSi Tanadgomasac Sehpirda. ~gazpromi~ ~samxreT parsis~ meore da mesame blokebze (sul am sabadoze 18 blokia da gazis saerTo maragi 10 trilion kubur metrs utoldeba) 1997 wlidan, frangul TOTALELF-TanA (40%) da malaiziur PETRONAS-Tan (30%) erTad, konsorciumis farglebSi muSaobda. 2004 wels konsorciumma iranis navTobis nacionalur kompanias gadasca kompleqsi, romelic or sazRvao baqans, 100 km. sigrZis or wyalqveSa gazsadens da qalaq assalueSi arsebul Txevadi gazis qarxanas moicavda. kompleqsis saerTo Rirebuleba 2 miliardi aSS. dolaria.

~gazpromi~ cdilobda, gazis eqsportze iranis xelisuflebisgan sasurveli kvotebi mieRo. sanacvlod iranma ~gazpromisgan~ samrwvelo eqspluataciis dawyebidan 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi 1.15 miliardi laris gadaxda moiTxova. molaparakebebis dros Suamavali TOTAL-i iyo. aleqsei mileris viziti mas Semdeg momzadda, rac iranis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ganacxada, rom irani, SesaZloa, evropul gazsaden NABUCCO-sTvis mTavari saresurso baza gaxdes da gazis miwodebis Taobaze SveicariasTan SeTanxmebasac moaweros xeli.

eqspertTa azriT, ~gazpromi~ ruseTSi realur gaaqtiurebas sulac ar apirebs. rusi eqsperti valeri nesterovi miiCnevs, rom axlo momavalSi ruseT-iranis proeqtebze muSaoba ar ganaxldeba. ~ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom iranSi moqmedi kompaniebis mimarT aSS saerTaSoriso sanqciebs awesebs,~ _ acxadebs nesterovi. analitikosi miiCnevs, rom evrokavSiris qveynebi, daZabuli politikuri mdgomareobis gamo, iranuli gazis Sesyidvaze uars ityvian. Tumca ~gazproms~ iranTan molaparakebebi, winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, mainc uRirs _ irani 28 trilion kubur metrad Sefasebul gazis marags flobs.

bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi navTobis fasi 3-jer gaizarda da gazisa da navTobis mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis sferoSi SesamCnevi mdgomareobac sruliad axalma kompaniebma daikaves. am kompaniebma energoresursebis flobisa da mopovebis agresiuli maneriT msoflios umsxvilesi energokompaniebi – amerikuli ExxonMobil-i da Chevron-i da evropuli BP da Royal Dutch Shell-i mniSvnelovnad Seaviwroves

gasuli wlis miwuruls moskovs BP-s xelmZRvaneli, lordi brauni ewvia. man ~gazproms~ Txevadi gazis sazRvargareT realizaciis ufleba sTxova. Tumca vizitis mTavari mizani sxva iyo, braunma ~gazpromis~ mxridan koviktinskis gazis sabadoze kontrolis mopovebis mcdelobis SeCereba scada _ koviktinskis sabado ruseTSi BP-s mTavari aqtivia.

bunebrivi resursebis nacionalizacias gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mimdinare procesisgan gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs. am etapze transnacionalur navTobkompaniebs kapitalis dasabandeblad axali sabadoebis moZieba sakmaod uWirT. 2000 wlidan (roca yazaxeTSi bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze didi _ kaSaganskis sabado aRmoaCines) dRemde dRe-RameSi 1 milioni bareli navTobis momcemi sabado aRar aRmouCeniaT.

problema is aris, rom saxelmwifo nacionalur navTobkompaniebs sakuTari Semosavlebis reinvestirebis uflebas ar aZleven. reinvestirebisa da dargis ganviTarebis magivrad, es saxelmwifoebi navTobisa da gazis mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis sferodan miRebul fuls socialur RonisZiebebze xarjaven. venesuelis prezidenti ugo Cavesi PDVSA-s biujetis or mesameds populistur socialur programebze xarjavs. raisis universitetis monacemebiT, 2005 wels am mizniT 7 miliardi aSS dolari daixarja, maSin, roca 1997 wels Cavesis winamorbedi xelisufleba am mizniT mxolod 77 milion dolars xarjavda.

ruseTSi ~gazpromis~ Semosavlebis mxolod Zalian mcire nawili miemarTeba moZvelebuli navTobsadenis modernizaciaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom iranul NIOC-s samxreT iranis da msoflioSi umdidresi gazis sabado ekuTvnis, es kompania iranSi gazis imports axdens. NIOC-i iranis masStabiT benzinis subsidirebas axdens _ am qveyanaSi 1 litri benzinis fasi 10 amerikuli centia. samagierod, kompanias navTobisa da gazis mopovebis gazrdis da navTobgadamamuSavebeli warmoebis gadaiaraRebis saSualeba aRar aqvs.

ra xdeba maSin, roca saxelmwifo ucxour investiciebs zRudavs da nacionalur navTobkompanias uZiro yulabasaviT iyenebs? amis naTeli magaliTia meqsikuri Pemex. misi warmoeba imdenad daeca, rom Financial Times_ma es kompania ganviTarebadi msoflios yvelaze gavlenian energetikul korporaciaTa Soris aRar Seiyvana.

sabadoebis mflobelTa garda, transnacionaluri navTobkompaniebis konkurentebad is nacionaluri navTobkompaniebic gvevlinebian, romlebic bunebriv resursebs eZeben. Sesabamisad, msoflio masStabiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis problemac ufro mZafrdeba.

jimi karterma, romelic 70-iani wlebis navTobis krizisis dros aSS-s prezidenti iyo, erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada, rom energetikuli daucveloba kvlav msoflios yvelaze did problemad rCeba da es problema momavalSi ufro met krizisul situaciebs gamoiwvevs. ~ am etapze CineTisa da indoeTis mxridan iseTi konkurenciis pirobebSi vcxovrobT, risi warmodgenac Cemi prezidentobis dros arc SeiZleboda,~ _ ganacxada karterma.

vaSingtonis mosalodneli reaqciis SiSiT, premierma r.t. erdoganma, sagareo saqmeTa ministrma gulerma da gazis kompaniis ~Botas~-is generalurma direqtorma strategiis dargSi senk palam TurqmeneT-iran-TurqeTis 2007 wlis 20 noembris proeqtis mniSvneloba, bunebrivia, axsnes evropis da TurqeTis gazze moTxovnis ruseTis gverdis avliT dakmayofilebisa da evrokavSiris Turquli koridoriT energomomaragebis diversifikaciis aucileblobiT. transkaspiur gazsadenis (TCGP) proeqtze TurqmeneTis mxriv kaspiis statusis gamo arsebuli winaaRmdegobis pirobebSi, rogorc gulerma aRniSna, TurqeTs surs, Turqmenul gazs iranis saSualebiT daukavSirdes. rogorc Turqma politikosebma aRniSnes, vaSingtoni Tavdapirvelad proeqts daupirispirdeba (16 ivliss ukve gaJRerda aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentis warmomadgenlis Son mak-kormakis mxriv TurqeTis kritika), Tumca Semdeg mixvdeba TurqeTis da evrokavSiris interesebis mniSvnelobas.

faqtobrivad, TurqeTma drouli svla gaakeTa. es svla win aRudgeba ruseTis prezident v. putinis Zalisxmevas centraluri aziis energoresursebTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc cnobilia, v. putinis es Zalisxmeva TavisTavSi moicavs: Turqmenul gazze ruseTis monopoliis SenarCunebas; avstriis CarTvas ~gazpromis~ satranzito sqemaSi; da TurqeTis gverdis amqcevi rusul-italiuri ~samxreTis nakadis~ SeTanxmebas. pirveli berketiT ruseTi cdilobs, transkaspiuri gazsadeniT evropis gazmomaragebis proeqtis (TCGP) dasamarebas. meore ewinaaRmdegeba globalur evropul proeqts Nabucco-s. mesame berketiT ki igi evropis ukanasknel alternatiul energokoridors daxuravs, rac TurqeTs CixSi moaqcevs (bolo momentamde TurqeTi cdilobda, ~gazpromTan~ SeTanxmebisaTvis mieRwia, raTa TurqeTi transkaspiuri _ TCGP da Nabucco-s damakavSirebeli punqti yofiliyo. iranTan aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi ki TurqeTs rusuli gazi aRaraferSi dasWirdeba). TurqeTis iranTan gaformebuli memorandumi droulia, vinaidan igi winaRudga TurqmeneT-yazaxeT-ruseTis mier q. TurqmenbaSiSi 2007 wlis 12 maiss xelmoweril SeTanxmebas. iran-TurqeTis memorandumi aseve sicocxlisunarianobas unarCunebs Nabucco-s proeqtsac.

igi saSualebas iZleva, azerbaijanuli gazi Nabucco-s saSualebiT evropisken miimarTos baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis (BTE) ~samxreTkavkasiuri~ gazsadenis gamoyenebiT. igi TurqeTs aZlevs Sanss, rom gaxdes ~gazpromis~ alternatiuli satranzito koridori, riTac evrokavSiris da aSS-s energo-diversifikaciis sqemebSi Tavisi adgili daimkvidros.

ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 17 ivliss pekinSi TurqmeneTis da CineTis mTavrobebma xeli moawares grandiozul SeTanxmebas TurqmeneTis gazis sabadoebis aTvisebasa da CineTisaTvis gazis miyidvis Sesaxeb. xelmoweras ori qveynis prezidenti daeswro.

CineTis erovnuli navTobkorporaciis (CNPC) da TurqmeneTis hidrokarbonebis saxelmwifo saagentos (romelic pirdapir eqvemdebareba prezidents) xelmZRvanelebma xeli moaweres produqciis miwodebis kontraqts md. amudarias marjvena napirze (aRmosavleT TurqmeneTi) im gazis sabadoebis aTvisebaze, romelic, Turqmenebis SefasebiT, 1.7 trilion kub. metris simZlavrisaa. es Sefaseba araa damokidebuli eqspertebis mier gakeTebuli da ar moicavs dauzverav sabadoebs am regionSi. Cinur mxares aseve ukve xelmowerili aqvs 1.5 mlrd. dolaris kontraqtic am regionSi gazis sabadoebis aTvisebaze, romliTac samxreT iolotanSi (TurqmeneTi samxreT-aRmosavleTi) 2007-2010 wlebSi 12 WaburRilis amoqmedebas iTvaliswinebs. 17 ivliss aseve saxelmwifo kompania ~Turqmengazma~ da Cinurma CNPC-m xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas 30 wlis manZilze yovelwliurad CineTisaTvis 30 mlrd. kub. metri gazis miwodebaze. gazsadenis CineTis sinZianis provinciis gavliT CineTis Sida qsels daukavSirda. am qseliT 2004 wlidan sinZiani 4000km-iani miliT ukavSirdeba q. Sanhais. aseve dagegmilia axali 6500 km-iani milis gayvana CineTis q. kantonamde. savaraudod, Turqmenuli gazi am ukanasknel gazsadens daukavSirdeba. vizitis dros TurqmeneTis prezidentma g. berdimuhamedovma ganacxada, rom uzrunvelyofs am mimarTulebiT gazis saWiro raodenobiT miwodebas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gazs sxva regionebidanac daaxmars. g. berdimuhamedovma aRniSna, rom TurqmeneTs sakmao gazi aqvs yvela mimarTulebiT eqsportis uzrunvelsayofad da miwodebis saWiro moculobis Sesaxeb Cinuri mxaris daeWvebis safuZveli ar arsebobs.

amrigad, erTis mxriv, arsebuli transevropuli gazsadenebiT, baltiis fskerze mSenebare ~nord strimiT~ (Nord Stream), Savi zRvis fskerze daproeqtebuli axali ~cisferi nakadi2~-iT (Blue Stream2), sul axlaxan, 12 maiss q. TurqmenbaSiSi SeTanxmebuli ~kaspiispira gazsadeniT~ (Pre-Caspian Pipeline), Savi zRvis fskerze ~samxreTis nakadis~ (South Stream) gayvanis mizniT rusul-italiuri konsorciumis SeqmniT, rac gaformda 2007 wlis 23 ivniss ~gazpromi~/Eni-is SeTanxmebiT;

meores mxriv ki, 2007 wlis 9 aprils q. dohaSi (katari) ~gaz-opekis~ tipis kartelis SeqmniT, ruseTi 2008 wlidan, centraluri aziis energoresursebis CrdiloeTis mimarTulebis makontrolebeli xdeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, TurqmeneT-iran-TurqeTisa da TurqmeneT-CineTis zemoaRniSnuli SeTanxmebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ~kaspiispira gazsadenis~ (Pre-Caspian Pipeline) CrdiloeTis anu TurqmeneT-yazaxeT-ruseTis mimarTulebas emateba TurqmeneT-iran-TurqeTis, e. i. samxreTis mimarTulebac. Tanac, TurqmeneTis mier ruseTisa da CineTisadmi aRebuli grandiozuli valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ~transkaspiuri gazsadenis~ uaxloes momavalSi ganxorcielebas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra.

amitom, 2008 wlis strategiuli sagareo politikuri dokumentebis SemuSavebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces kaspiispira gazsadenis (Pre-Caspian Pipeline) CrdiloeTis da samxreTis axal proeqtebs, romlebmac transkaspiuri gazsadenis (TCGP) proeqti aTwleulebiT SeiZleba gadaavados.

saqrTvelos ~sagareo saqmeTa ministris 2007 wlis direqtivebSi~ energo-usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs Soris (Tavi 5, gv.15) sruliad samarTlianadaa xazgasmuli, rom saministros umTavres amocanebs Sorisaa~…. . . partniorebTan efeqtiani TanamSromloba trans-kaspiuri milsadenebis sistemis strategiis Seqmnasa da mis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT~. milsadenebis ~sistemaSi~ igulisxmeba: a) transkaspiuri gazsadeni (TCGP). am amocanis Sesruleba niSnavs centraluri aziidan saqarTvelos gavliT evropis ruseTisgan alternatiuli gaz-navTob-momaragebis sqemis ganxorcielebas. amocanisa, romelic aseve xazgasmulia evropis samezoblo politikis evrokavSir-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmis me-8 prioritetSi (ENP EU/Georgia AP). 2007 wlis zafxulSi odesa-brodi-plocki-gdanskis milsadenis proeqtis dawyebis Sedegad navTobsadenis (TCOP) perspeqtiva ukve aSkaraa. rac Seexeba transkaspiur gazsadens (TCGP), am mxriv mdgomareoba bundovania.

2007 wlis 20 noembers funqcionireba daiwyo weliwadSi 11.5 mlrd. kub. metris simZlavris gazsadenma, romliTac TurqeTisa da saberZneTis meSveobiT saqarTveloze gamavali ~samxreTkavkasiuri gazsadeniT~ (BTE) azerbaijanuli gazi ukve evropas miewodeba. am movlenas win uswrebda ori mniSvnelovani SeTanxmeba, romelic saqarTvelos evrointegraciis sagareo politikuri kursis pirobebSi, aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia.

kerZod, TurqeTis energetikis da bunebrivi resursebis ministrma hilmi gulerma da iranis navTobis ministrma kazem vaziri-hamenehma 2007 wlis 13 ivliss ankaraSi xeli moaweres memorandums urTierTgagebis Sesaxeb, TurqmeneTidan da iranidan gazis TurqeTSi miwodebaze, SemdgomSi misi evropaSi gadamisamarTebis mizniT. es kontraqti evropas saSualebas miscems:

• 
  gaxsnas evropis gazis alternatiuli (~meoTxe) koridori ruseTis gverdis avliT;
  
• 
  gadaarCinos Nabucco-s proeqti (romelic Tavdapirvelad swored iranuli gazis evropisken gadasagzavnad iyo daproeqtebuli);
  
• 
  pirvelad istoriaSi TurqmeneTs miscems saSualebas, kaspiis zRvis gadakveTis gareSe, saxmeleTo gziT daukavSirdes TurqmeneTs da iqidan evropas. es ki, faqtobrivad, transkaspiuri gazsadenis (TCGP) axali, saqarTvelosTvis arasasurveli alternativaa;
  
• 
  gzas gauxsnis iranul gazs dasavleTis mimarTulebiT _ evrokavSirs amiT saSualeba eZleva, ~gazpromisgan~ alternatiuli momarageba miiRos;
  

2010 wlisTvis, rodesac iwureba evrokavSiris ~gazpromTan~ gaformebuli gaz-momaragebis ZiriTadi kontraqtebi, evropelebs eZlevaT garkveuli kontr-berketebi ruseTTan molaparakebebSi. esaa aSS-s politikis mizanic. magram movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba aseve ewinaaRmdegeba aTiode wlis winandel aSS-s mierve damtkicebuli iranis gazis resursebis ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdego gegmasac _ Tumca, am SeTanxmebiT iranis gazi evropaSi rusuli gazis alternativa SeiZleba gaxdes, Turqma oficialurma pirebma aSS-s mxriv sanqciebis Tavidan aridebis mizniT swored alternatiulobis argumentiT isargebles.

memorandumis Tanaxmad, yovelwliurad 30 mlrd. kub. metri gazi Seva TurqeTSi iranidan da TurqmeneTidan (am ukanasknelSi iranis teritoriis gavliT, saidanac gazi evropisaken gadaitumbeba. gazis aRniSnuli raodenobidan 20 mlrd. kub. metri yovelwliurad miewodeba iranis supergiganturi ~samxreT farsis~ sabadodan. savaraudod, irani saSualebas miscems TurqeTis sanavTobo korporacias (TPAO), tenderis gareSe monawileoba miiRos ~samxreT farsis~ blokebis e.w. ~22-e, 23-e da 24-e fazebis~ damuSavebaSi.

ufro metic, am SeTanxmebiT irani TurqeTis gavliT tranzitad gaatarebs 10 mlrd.kub. metr Turqmenul gazs evropisaken. am mizniT irani gamoiyenebs moqmed karpeCe-qurTkuis, TurqmeneTidan erTaderT ararusuli mimarTulebis gazsadens (arsebuli milis 13 mlrd. kub. metri) an daaproeqtebs axal gazsadens.

Turquli mxaris gancxadebiT, iranuli da Turqmenuli gazi erzerumTan daemateba azerbaijanuls da momavalSi SeuerTdeba Nabucco-s evropul mils. TurqeTis gazis kompania Botas-ma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom TurqeTis teritoriaze unda aigos axali gazsadeni, ris dasafinansebladac gamoyenebul iqneba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenidan miRebuli satranzito Semosavlebi. irani mzadaa, TurqeTs gazis fasi dauklos imis sanacvlod, rom man evropisken am axali miliT gaataros iranuli gazi. es proeqti TurqeTs saSualebas aZlevs gaxdes ara marto gazis tranzitori, aramed gaziT movaWre, e.w. ~habi~ qveyanac.

zemoaRniSnuli memorandumiT, irani da TurqeTi aarseben sagegmo jgufs, romelic angariSs yovelTviurad gamoaqveynebs ori aspeqtiT: gazis mopovebisa da transportireba/marketingis mimarTulebiT.

iranuli gazis TurqeTSi SesvliT moixsneba Nabucco-sTvis rusuli gazis Sesyidvis aucilebloba. aqamde iranul da Turqmenul gazze xelmiuwvdomoba Nabucco-s menejerebs aiZulebdaT, proeqtis gazmomaragebis 70% ~gazpromis~ resursebSi eZebnaT. TurqmeneT-iran-TurqeTis kontraqti globalur evropul proeqt Nabucco-s saSualebas miscems, ~gazpromis~ marwuxebs Tavi daaRwios.

saqme isaa, rom aSS-s mier iranuli gazis alternativad dasaxelebuli momaragebis wyaro _ ~Sah-deniz~-2~ araa sakmarisi Nabucco-sa da TurqeT-saberZneT-italiis gazsadenebis Sesavsebad, da Sesabamisad, ver gaxdeba ~gazpromis~ alternativa evropis bazrebze. aseve uaxloes momavalSi SeuZlebelia erayis qurTistansa da CrdiloeT eraySi navTobis Tanmxlebi gazis evropisken gadatumbvac, eraySi arsebuli daZabuli situaciis gamo.

axali ~civi omis~ mizezi momavalSi ideologiis nacvlad navTobi da gazi iqneba. specialistebis prognoziT 10 weliwadSi msoflioSi gazisa da navTobis maragis naxevari ukve mopovebuli iqneba. energomatareblebis gaZvirebis tendencia Seuqcevadi gaxdeba. SezRudulma resursebma momavalSi mzardi moTxovnileba unda daakmayofilos. qveynebis gadarCena da keTildReoba navTobisa da gazis maragze iqneba damokidebuli. (2)

dRes, msoflioSi yovelwliurad gamoyenebuli navTobis naxevari aSS-ze, evrokavSirze da iaponiaze modis. am qveynebis momavali konkurentebi CineTisa da indoeTis saxiT, marTalia, am etapze msoflio navTobis mxolod 10% moixmaren, magram maT mier navTobis gamoyenebis yovelwliuri maCvenebeli 20-dan 30 procentamde izrdeba. aseTi tempebiT maTi moTxovna 2030 wlisTvis aSS-s moTxovnas gautoldeba. aSS dRes msoflioSi navTobis moxmarebaSi pirvel adgilzea (25% moixmars).

es maCveneblebi naTelyofs msoflioSi dapirispirebis gamwvavebas gazisa da navTobis ukanaskneli maragis xelSi Casagdebad da misi transportirebis gasakontroleblad. am dapirispirebis monawile mxareebi zogadad kavkasiis regionSi da konkretulad saqarTveloSi aSS, ruseTi, evrokavSiri, TurqeTi da irania.

eqspertebis daskvnebis Tanaxmad, Tu ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebs surT SeinarCunon energomatareblebis stabiluri fasebi da Tavi aaridon deficits, maT energomomaragebis diversifikaciis gziT energousafrTxoebis problemebi unda gadaWran, vinaidan maTi mzardi moTxovna sul ufro metad SezRudul resursebs upirispirdeba. bunebrivi gazis TvalsazrisiT usafrTxo momarageba niSnavs, rom calkeul qveyanas erTze meti mimwodebeli da erTze meti satransporto saSualeba (milsadeni) unda hqondes. es strategiuli moTxovnaa. evropis alternatiuli gazmomarageba jerjerobiT misTvis miuwvdomeli, magram geografiulad ruseTis sabadoebze axlos myofi, kaspiis auzis qveynebidanaa SesaZlebeli. amasTan, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT gazi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba navTobisagan. saqme isaa, rom navTobis fiuCersuli kontraqtebi metnaklebad konkurentuli sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSi ideba da msoflio bazrebze transportirebac SedarebiT mcire partiebad, ZiriTadad rkinigziTa da tankerebiT xorcieldeba. maSin, roca msoflio gazis miwodebis mxolod 10% gadaizideba specieluri transportiT Txevad mdgomareobaSi. evropaSi gazis ZiriTadi moculobis miwodeba ruseTidan, alJiridan da norvegiidan milsadenebiT xorcieldeba. gazis aseTi satransporto specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT kontraqtebi grZelvadiani xasiaTisaa, anu gamyidvels, e.i. ruseTis ~gazproms~ da mis mokavSireebs, sxva eqsportiorebis simciris SemTxvevaSi, grZelvadiani monopoliuri mdgomareoba TiTqmis garantirebuli aqvs.

dasavleTisTvis alternatiuli wyaro kaspiispira qveynebia. azerbaijanuli gazi Sah-denizidan ~samxreT kavkasiuri gazsadeniT~ saqarTvelos gavliT ukve TurqeTs miewodeba. igegmeba misi saberZneTSi, xolo Semdeg italiaSi gadatumbva.

sabednierod, saqarTvelos kaspiis qveynebTan saerTo sazRvari gaaCnia da Sah-denizis gazi swored ~gazpromis~ alternativad mogvevlina. saqarTvelos stabilur energomomaragebaSi ukve dasavleTis interesic Cndeba, radganac igi ukve damakavSirebeli rgolia kaspiis energoresursebis dasavleTisken miwodebis gzaze. kaspiis regionSi ki dazverili navTobis maragi 21 mlrd. tonas (2.6 mlrd. ukve mopovebuli), gazis ki _ 27.5 trln. kub. metrs (3.5 trln. mopovebuli) Seadgens. kavasiis regionis siaxlovesaa iranic, romelic navTobis maragebiT mesame, gaziT ki _ meore adgilzea msoflioSi.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo, saqarTveloze gamavali navTobproduqtebis tranzitis marSruti, romelic dasavleTis mimarTulebiT rusuli marSrutis alternativaa, Cveni regionis usafrTxo ganviTarebis garanti xdeba, kavkasiis ~energoderefani~ ki _ axali ~civi omis~ brZolis veli.

ruseTi axali prezidentis pirobebSic ar Secvlis eqspansionisturi energetikuli politikis xarjze sakuTari geopolitikuri gavlenis gazrdis kurss, rac gamoixateba dasavleTis energomomaragebis seqtorSi monopolisturi mdgomareobis miRwevisa da navTobdolarebis sakuTari Tanamedrove samxedro teqnologiebis ganviTarebis sferoSi, didi masStabebiT investirebaSi.. putinis ruseTis samomavlo strategiuli ganviTarebis 15 wliani doqtrina, romelsac savaraudod misi memkvidre gaagrZelebs, mimarTulia, rom ruseTma ramdenadme mainc SeZlos postsabWoTa sivrceSi rusuli gavlenis reanimireba.