Writing: Model

The diagrams show the stages and equipment used in the cement-mak- ing process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea- tures, and make comparisons where relevant.



Source: Cambridge IELTS 8

The illustrations reveal the process by which cement is produced, and how this cement is utilised in the concrete production process.

Overall, what stands out from the diagrams is that whereas producing cement requires only two ingredients, concrete is composed of four. Furthermore, while cement production consists of numerous steps, the production of con- crete needs just two stages.

If we look at cement production, initially, limestone and clay are crushed to- gether to form a powder. Having been put through a mixer, the powder is then passed through a rotating heater. After being heated, it is then ground, after which it can be packed into bags as cement.

Moving to the manufacture of concrete, this is made up of four elements. Half of concrete is composed of gravel, a quarter consists of sand, and water con- stitutes a tenth. The remainder is accounted for by the earlier produced ce-

ment. These materials are subsequently combined using a horizontally rotat- ing concrete mixer to create concrete.

The diagram below shows the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main fea- tures, and make comparisons where relevant.

The illustration demonstrates how a salmon develops over the course of its lifetime.

Overall, the salmon passes through three different stages of life, taking be- tween nine and ten years to reach its final adult form.

In the beginning, the salmon starts its life cycle as one salmon egg among others. These eggs are deposited beneath some small stones within a patch

of reeds in a slow moving upper river. Once an egg hatches about half a year after being laid, it produces a fry, roughly three to eight centimetres long.

The next step is for the fry to swim to the faster flowing lower river. After re- maining in this river for approximately four years, the fry transitions into a 12- 15cm long smolt and heads for the open sea.

The smolt spends around five years in the open sea. Subsequent to the pass- ing of this half decade, this fish enters its final form as an adult salmon, mea- suring 70 to 76cm, before returning to the upper river to lay its eggs in the reeds and restart the cycle.