Variant №1 Read and translate the text on specialty in written form

VARIANT № 1


1. Read and translate the text on specialty in written form.

Two-stroke cycle engines.

The engine is assembled of various cast pieces: its foundation and main stationary body is formed by the cylinder block with the top portion of the crankcase to which the cylinder heads and the bottom portion of the crankcase are bolted. The crankcase with its main bearing houses the crank-drive assembly, comprising the pistons, the wrist-pins, the connecting rods and the crankshaft. Besides, the valves, valve-operating mechanism with camshaft, control gears and valve tappets, ignition system, carburetor, water pump, fan, fuel feed pump and oil pump are parts of the engine.
Arrangement and number of cylinders in the engine are decisive for its external shape. There are motorcar engines with two, there, four, six, eight, twelve and more cylinders arranged in various forms to each other. In most cases they are arranged in one block (cylinder block).
The chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy by the expansion of the gases and by the interaction of the various engine components. The piston sliding in the cylinder under the impulse of the expanding gas exerts a pressure and transmits it to the crankshaft via the connecting rod, and converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotating motion of the crankshaft. The pistons are equipped with piston rings for better sealing between pistons and cylinder wall and in order to prevent any seizing of the pistons.
2. Read and retell the text.
THE USA
The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast – by the Atlantic Ocean.
The area of the USA is over nine million square kilometres. It is a very large country, so it has several different climatic regions. The coldest regions are in the north and north – east. The south has a subtropical climate.
The population of the USA is more than 236 million people. Most of the people live in towns.
The capital of the USA is Washington in the district of Columbia (D. C.). It is an administrative city without much industry. Washington has many famous monuments in the streets and squares. One of them is the Abraham Lincoln memorial with 36 columns representing the states of the union at the time of Lincoln's death. The main part of the memorial is the figure of Lincoln.
The Capitol, where the Congress meets, is a very high and beautiful building with white marble columns. It is in the very centre of the city. Not far from the Capitol there is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books.
The White House, the residence of the President, is the oldest public building in Washington and one of the most beautiful.