Variant №1 Read and translate the text on specialty in written form

2. Read and retell the text.
THE LARGEST CITIES OF THE USA
There are very many cities in the USA. One of the largest cities in the world is New York. It is situated at the south of the Hudson River. New York was founded by the Dutch. It’s interesting to know that Manhattan Island – the central part of New York was bought from the local Indiana for 24 dollars by the Dutch. In the 18th century New York grew into the largest city of the USA. Now New York is a great seaport, the leading textile and the financial centre of the country. Manhattan Island with the Wall Street district is the heart of America’s business and culture. New York is the city of sky – scrapers. The highest of them is the 102 – storey Empire State Building. There are many other places of interest in New York: Central park, Times Square, Rockefeller Centre, the shopping districts and the United Nations Building. In Manhattan at Broadway there is Columbia University, one of the biggest universities of the USA.
Another large city of the USA is Boston, one of the first cities which were built on the Atlantic coast of America. It is an important port and a financial and cultural centre. It has three universities.Chicago is one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA and the second largest after New York.Philadelphia, near the east coast, produces agricultural machines and locomotives. Light industry is highly developed here. Philadelphia is an important cultural centre with many fine buildings and a university.
Los Angeles, in California, is a centre of modern industries. Not far from Los Angeles is Hollywood, the centre of the US film business.
3. Make up a story on the theme: “Great Britain”.
Key words: to be situated, island, consist, cover forests, mild, mountain, lakes, rivers


Head of the department: Muhammadiyeva. O.
VARIANT № 8

1. 
   Read and translate the text on specialty in written form.
   

The frame
The frame of the motorcar supports all the driving units such as engine transmission and rear axle; besides, it is meant for the attachment of the spring system, front axle and steering system. In assembled condition, all these components are called the «chassis». The body is placed on the frame and tightly bolted. The most simple type of motorcar frame has two side members made of cold-rolled channel-section steel. They are connected by a number of cross members which support the radiator and the engine.
The most important requirement of the frame is that it shall be stiff and strong enough to resist the twisting and bending forces to which it is subjected, particulariy when the yehicle is traveling over rough roads. Since the introduction of the independent wheel suspension by transverse springs etc, the shapes of the frames have changed considerably.
For some modern passenger cars and buses, the frameless construction, the so-called «chassis-less body» is now used. In this case, the body is designed so stiff that it replaces the frame. All the units, such as engine, trans-mission, axle casing, springs and steering, otherwise arranged on the frame, are attached to the body. Therefore, only a limousine or bus body can be used for a chassis-less construction since only these bodies may be built sufficiently resistant to torsion due to their particular type of construction.