"To be" and its functions. "To have" and its functions

3. A cylinder of a gasoline engine is like a gun, with the piston taking the place of a bullet.
4. The power of the solar radiation emission was very variable, with emission occurring sometimes for several days.
5. When sufficient altitude is reached the vertical take-off air­plane levels off and flies as an ordinary airplane with the wing providing supporting lift.
6. With magnesium already being used greatly, the three mate­rials: titanium, zirconium and magnesium have greatly reduced the weight of the aircraft.
7. Over 100 different isotopes of more than 20 different elem­ents have been detected among fission products of uranium. All of these atoms are, however, in the middle of the periodic table, with atomic numbers ranging from 34 to 58.


XVIII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participle clauses with “as”:


1. As noted above, in order to lose its entire energy a 5-MeV particle must have about 10⁵ collisions.
2. As shown in Fig. 91, beta particles are stopped by less than 1 inch of solid material.
3. As explained on page 681, in the following chapter we include the study of the ionosphere.
4. The location of the detectors is as indicated in Fig. 50.
5. The Sun is the best known and most carefully studied star, and its energy production as calculated from nuclear reactions can be compared with well-known astrophysical data.
6. The principle of action equals reaction as offered by Newton is known to be widely used in electrical calculations.
7. The theoretical significance of the wave theory of matter as applied to electronics will be discussed later.
8. As a result of detailed studies of the orbits of a number of satellites as determined from radio and optical observations, it is now known that the temperature above 200 km varies over the so­lar cycle.
9. Discussing the properties of the upper atmosphere as derived from the use of ground-based equipment we have noted a number of important aspects which cannot be investigated without space vehicles.