"To be" and its functions. "To have" and its functions

The more gradual density variation on the Martian atmosphere makes it “softer”, so that it would involve a comparatively less severe



XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participles and participle clauses:


1. In fact the Sun is a variable star, its variation following an 11-year cycle.
2. The laboratory study of plasma had been started long before 1929, many important discoveries in the field of gas dis­charge phenomena having been made in the 1800's.
3. Whereas solar infra-red radiation can be observed from a high-flying balloon as explained earlier, most ultraviolet and all X-radiation is absorbed far above the balloon ceiling.
4. Since the nuclear rocket is capable of producing greater thrust per pound of propellant, it can produce thrust equal to that of the chemical rocket while using less propellant.
5. With the maximum cycle temperature being limited by the source, the designer must determine how close he wishes to bring the boiling temperature to that maximum condition.
6. In atomic and nuclear processes energies are usually expressed in terms of electron volts, 1 electron volt being the energy gained by 1 electron being acted on by a voltage of 1 volt.
7. Observations made using artificial sodium glows are of great interest to the investigation of atmospheric structure.
8. The ions thus formed will be accelerated in the direction towards the cathode.
9. Ohm supposed that wires presented a certain "resistance" to the passage of current, long or thin wires presenting more resis­tance than short or thick ones. The smaller the resistance, the greater the current.
10. When used in a space vehicle in which the orientation re­lative to the solar vector changes, the efficiency curve will change with aspect.
11. Using the value of the solar constant, it is found that the Sun is sending out energy at the rate of 9 hp per square centi­metre of surface.