"To be" and its functions. "To have" and its functions

10. The reader may be familiar with vectors as met in physics.
11. The electromagnetic theory (Maxwell, 1862) describes light as consisting of electromagnetic waves propagating through space, as sound waves propagate through air.
12. The first evidence of the structure of electricity as consisting of smallest charges, the electrons, was derived from the laws of electrolysis.
13. In 1908 scientists (following the original suggestion of Balfour Stewart) attempted to develop a detailed theory of the quiet variations as arising from upper atmospheric current flow.

XIX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the structure ''participle + infinitive''

Example: The ionization expected to exist...
Іонізація, яка, як важають, існує...


A.
1. The rocket is the only power plant Known to be independent of the atmosphere.
2. The G-layer is an ionized layer thought to exist at a height of 300—400 miles in the Earth's atmosphere.
3. The diameter of Saturn supposed to be 75,100 miles through the equatorial region is about 9 1/2 times the Earth's diameter.
4. On June 30, 1908 a meteorite estimated to have weighed 40,000 tons fell in Siberia.
5. The pilot is given regular information on the weather likely to be met in flight.
6. The atomic rocket is a power plant appearing to find great application in future.
7. Electric charge of a body is made evident by the attractive or repulsive force found to exist between charged bodies.


B.

1. 
   The physical and chemical characteristics of the planetary atmosphere strongly influence entry characteristics.
   
2. 
   To gain an appreciation of the gas dynamic forces and heating involved, knowledge of the density variation in the atmosphere is sufficient.
   
3. 
   The atmosphere of Venus, estimated to consist of about 10 per cent nitrogen and 90 per cent carbon dioxide, is somewhat more dense than the Earth’s atmosphere, but varies in a similar way with altitude.
   
4. 
   The atmosphere of Mars estimated to contain about 95 per cent nitrogen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide, is appreciably less dense than the Earth’s atmosphere at surface level, but drops off much more gradually with increasing altitude and is actually more dense at high altitudes.
   
5.