"To be" and its functions. "To have" and its functions

2. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases.
3. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory.
4. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to star-light.
5. The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation.
6. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge.
7. The re­sistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small.
8. When improving the design the constructor made many calculations.
9. A great variety of substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them.
10. A series of attempts having been made, Lodygin came to a successful solution of the problem.
XV. Translate the sentences with participle clauses:


1. It is well known that a solid body emits light when heated to a high enough temperature.
2. An Earth satellite, if launched into an orbit sufficiently dis­tant from the Earth's surface, can circulate for months or even years.
3. Isaac Newton, while studying the gravitational effects of the Earth on objects near its surface, noticed that objects thrown horizontally followed curved paths as they fell to the ground.
4. The forces holding the individual atoms together as a unit are much greater than those which are acting when combining with other atoms.
5. Superconductivity is the name given to the phenomenon, shown by some conductors of electricity, which lose all electrical resis­tance when cooled below a certain temperature.
6. These effects are much less marked if observed with Geiger instead of neutron counter.
7. According to Newton's first law of motion an object remains at rest or in a straight-line motion unless acted upon by some external force.