"To be" and its functions. "To have" and its functions

8. Having defined the units for length, mass, and time, we can express through them the units for all other physical quantities.
9. The color of the light being seen is determined by the fre­quency of the light waves which affect the human eye.
10. All methods being considered at present use electromagnetic fields to hold the particles.
11. Having studied nuclear reactions we now turn to the ques­tion of how these radiations interact as they go through matter.
12. This book is concerned with the design of a specific kind of analog computer in which electrical voltages represent the vari­ables of the physical system being studied.
13. Having listed at the conclusion of the chapter a number of major programmes we now discuss what progress has been made in the systematic study of neutral atmospheric structure.

XII. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of various participle clauses:

1. Having reduced the high transmission voltage to safe and usable values transformers made possible the economical transmission of electrical energy over long distances.
2. When considering the choice of electrical equipment great care should be taken to specify ratings well suited to the application.
3. An electric controller is a device or group of devices, which serve to govern the electric power delivered to the apparatus.
4. The term "govern" appearing in the definition means the ability to vary, change, or modulate.
5. The substance being heated, the agitation of the free electrons in it is increased.
6. As stated before, the greater the binding energy, the more stable the nucleus.
XIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participial Clause:


1. The experiments being demonstrated, all the students watched them with great attention.
2. There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing the relation between volume and temperature.
3. A new radio set having been shown to them, they began to examine its details.
4. Electrons leaving the surface, the metal becomes posi­tively charged.
5. We defined the volume, all the measurements having been done with respect to the instruction.
6. The computer performing addition, two numbers to be added come from the memory.
7. Atoms consist of three kinds of particles — electrons, protons and neutrons, the number of particles determining the kind of element.
8. The workers increased the output of measuring instruments, new devices having been applied in all the shops of the plant.
9. The experiment having been carried out, the students left the lab.
10. I was writing the translation, my friend helping me.
11. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the battery is transformed into electric energy.

XIV. Choose the sentences with the Absolute Participial Clause from the ones given below. Translate them:

1. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.