3
Sustainable
Urban Form
From spatial
minimization to spatial
amplification
Despite the increasing sophistication of systems thinking in urban planning literature, vestiges of
linear-reductionist and single-issue approaches remain.
1
For example, discussions of sustainable urban
form often assume there must be an ideal shape, such as compact
or
dispersed, vertical
or
horizontal.
The dominant view is still that increasing urban residential density, often called ‘urban consolidation’,
is a
universal
urban sustainability solution.
2
The mismatch between this single issue approach and
the complex nature of the urban environment can lead to erroneous policies and indicators. For
example, the only indicator pertaining to urban development in a Canberra sustainability plan was
‘the amount of new development within 15 kilometres of the city core’. This was regardless of how
much total development occurred outside the city, or whether future development was ecologically
sound.
3
Thus, new non-sustainable buildings, infrastructure and materials would signify progress
toward sustainability, as long as growth occurred within 15 kilometres of the city core. One might
have thought that, in a sustainability plan, urban population would depend more on such things as
carrying capacity and renewable sources of energy and water (ie the extent to which water, soil and
energy supply are replenished naturally).
It may be advisable to increase urban residential density or average density in some places to, say,
accommodate environmental refugees. However, compact urban form in itself is no indicator of,
or shortcut to, sustainability.
4
Densified urban living can be far less sustainable than dispersed
settlements, depending on their respective designs. Given current designs, however,
neither
approach
is sustainable. Consolidation, if seen as a virtue in itself, can obscure and limit other potentially
more cost-effective, eco-efficient strategies for reducing net environmental impacts and improving
urban life quality. The densification approach exemplifies the dominant linear-reductionist mode
of thinking, which has eclipsed other problem-solving paradigms and methods. In fact, the major
alternative framework – design – is generally regarded as a separate activity outside of legitimate
problem-solving processes [Box 10]. To achieve sustainable urban environments, we need a new
understanding of design as an alternative way of thinking and problem solving that is better suited
to deal with open urban systems.
5
44
Positive Development
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