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How can resource savings be linked or credited to government departments?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How can resource savings be linked or credited to government departments?
It is extremely hard to link ‘indirect’ market-based incentives to outcomes due to intervening 
factors. Savings generated by government agencies are easier to demonstrate where there is 
direct government action. For example, some large public utilities have applied what we could 
call the ‘direct action principle’ by providing free or low-cost energy-efficient light bulbs. The 
cost of this energy-saving programme can be recovered from customers’ energy bills, or from the 
avoided expense of constructing and financing major infrastructure developments like dams or 
power plants. Similarly, Australia has recently required incandescent light bulbs to be phased out 
in three years. Other countries are already following this example. While this is ‘regulatory’, the 
savings achieved are direct, measurable, tangible and visible. Ultimately, the costs are spread across 
society. Some states in the US have made arrangements for providing grants or low interest loans 
for industry to hire environmental management firms on a performance-contracting basis to make 
factory complexes more eco-efficient.
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Consequently, there are a growing number of independent 
advisory or consultancy services that develop environmental management plans (for which ISO 
standards exist) to improve production processes and product design. However, their brief has been 
to create efficiencies within the firm or clusters of firms. They seldom look at whole supply chains 
and service delivery systems [Box 33].
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Government action could widen the scope of analysis to 
address the ecological sustainability of a whole industry, product range, housing sector, city or region
[Box 51].
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How can retrofitting programmes bring about whole systems sustainability?
Sustainable settlements will eventually require retrofitting on a whole-of-region scale [Chapter 12].
We can continue to expend vast resources on measuring and mitigating impacts, arguing over how 
much longer we can maintain the status quo before total systems collapse, or whether global warming 
is natural or man-made. Alternatively, we can proactively improve the health of the urban ecology 
and increase its social and biological diversity now. Eco-retrofitting lends itself to both incremental 
and immediate ‘action learning’. If systems re-design is too intimidating, we can begin on a small 
scale to replace our deteriorating water, sewage and energy infrastructure with natural systems that 
combine economic and social functions with eco-services. There are already partial precedents where 
communities have initiated re-design projects on their own. For instance, some resident groups in 
urban blocks have removed their rear yard fences to create a commons. They not only gain access 
to more space, they are able to keep an eye out for each other’s children. Other resident groups have 
turned existing clusters of homes into ‘co-housing’ communities with many shared resources.
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whole-of-suburb retrofit would implement wider options, like the reclamation of road space for public 
uses other than private cars, as proposed by Ted Trainer.
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There are initial organizational, educational 
and administrative costs involved in setting up an eco-retrofitting programme, of course. Due to 
the transaction costs involved in dealing with individual homeowners, and the need for economies 
of scale, faster change may require public–private+community partnerships or cooperatives. Using 


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Positive Development
performance contracting and partnering principles, such programmes could be designed to operate 
on a cost-neutral (or at least relatively economical) basis over time.
Figure 5
 
Levels of eco-retrofitting
Impact 
reduction:
Insulation, draft 
proofing, solar 
hot water
Conversion 
of the building 
to resource 
autonomy 
Ecosystem 
services at 
community 
scale 
Net increases 
in the Public 
Estate and 
Ecological Base

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