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What is the critical variable in urban sustainability, if not increased density?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What is the critical variable in urban sustainability, if not increased density?
Design. Assuming local and global carrying capacity were adequate to support an increased population 
density, a whole suite of policies must be designed and implemented to ensure that increased density 
does not impact on other sustainable development objectives, such as urban open space, health and 
safety, water and resource security. To be sustainable, infill development must be carried out in a way 
that is ecologically and socially constructive and synergistic. Accommodating the myriad biophysical 
and social needs of an increased population, using less overall space, requires multiple use of space 
for 
both
natural and social functions and more shared space. Denser living arrangements require a 
corresponding increase in a city’s ‘ecological base’ and more public spaces, facilities and environmental 
amenities, or the ‘public estate’. Densification advocates often assume that increased residential 
density will create wider access to urban facilities simply because they could be in closer proximity.
However, cities have also been described as ‘food deserts’ where inner city residents have only small 
corner grocers and fast food facilities, as larger supermarkets continue to move to the suburbs.
11
Also, 
infill development too often results in privatizing urban space into commercial facilities or residential 
uses that enclose and segregate open spaces.
12
Sustainable form and space would instead increase 
carrying capacity 
and
reduce the overall demand for construction materials, food transport, land and 
fossil fuels created by 
past
– not just future – development. 


47
Sustainable Urban Form
Can we create incentives for business that replace the need for planning?
The line between the public and private sectors has become ever more blurred. It is increasingly a false 
dichotomy. A ‘direct’ positive design approach that provides for basic needs, rights and preferences 
will generally work better than either the managerial (public) or market-based (private) approaches 
that now dominate policymaking [Chapter 13]. Economic incentives appeal to greed by offering 
private benefits. Good design appeals to community building by offering shared benefits. In today’s 
society, people cannot be expected to change behaviour unless it brings them money and status, 
or
a higher quality of life provided by design. So if we are to ask people of all incomes to have a 
smaller 
physical
footprint (ie use less land per person) and a smaller 
ecological
footprint (ie reduce 
resource consumption and environmental impacts per person), we need good public facilities that 
expand their 
effective
living area and enable responsible lifestyle choices. Currently, environmental 
managers and planners emphasize the importance of equitable access to urban services (often 
referred to as ‘accessibility’). Yet urban policies deprive the urban poor of usable space, resources 
and environmental amenities. This is partly due to an increasing reliance on private developers to 
provide public infrastructure, both social and physical. Equity and accessibility are not enhanced by 
enclosure and privatization.
13
Environmental managers tend to measure the rate that resource stocks 
are decreasing or growth is increasing, but not who benefits from both forms of resource transfers 
[Box 48]. Social impact assessment looks at who suffers from development, but not at ‘excessive’ gains 
made at the expense of the general public (unjust enrichment). We also need to consider what we 
might call ‘negative space’: the conversion of (public) non-renewable resources and natural capital 
to private development and use. Measuring negative space (the converse of the public estate) would 
take into account the distributional costs of the alienation of natural capital, land and ecosystem 
goods and services in geographical and spatial terms [Chapter 15].

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