‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


How would we measure and pay for such performance contracts?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How would we measure and pay for such performance contracts?
There are many ways of tailoring performance contracting to given situations. If auditing and 
reporting on the annual energy and water consumption of all buildings were required, governments 
would be better placed to create appropriate eco-retrofitting programmes. There are already many 
precedents for building audits. We have noted that in the UK required all commercial buildings to 
report on annual energy use.
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The ABGR and NABERS rating schemes in Australia provide templates 
for measuring some of the performance issues of existing buildings.
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Performance contracting 
MINIMALIST
AUTONOMOUS
ECO-VILLAGE
ECO-RETROFITS


41
The Case for Eco-retrofitting
requires targets relative to a standard benchmark, and an independent measurement of operational 
performance. In minimalist retrofits, the benchmark could simply be the ‘previous’ operational 
performance as indicated by the energy and water bills. In this case, the performance contractor 
can recover the difference between the previous higher energy bill and subsequent lower bill. To 
move towards net Positive Development, however, we would need to weigh in the benefits of adding 
value to the public estate, in relation to the costs of inaction – not just improvements relative to 
‘standard’ buildings [Box 44]. The benchmark for eco-retrofitting projects should therefore be 
a ‘sustainability standard’ – net positive improvements over pre-development ecological, as well 
as social and economic, conditions. How cities and buildings could contribute to the ecological, 
social and economic viability of the surrounding area will be explored in following chapters.
So how would we start to go about making Positive Development happen?
We have seen that eco-retrofitting, if done properly, could solve many environmental problems 
at no extra cost. In some cases, it could be profitable for all interests. There are many systems 
impediments, however [Box 7]. In this chapter we have focused on building delivery systems, 
such as conventional tendering and designer selection processes, that can conflict with eco-logical 
design goals. Simple institutional mechanisms for overcoming impediments to eco-retrofitting 
have been proposed in the literature, such as partnering, quality-based selection and performance 
contracting. What is now called the ‘third sector’ (businesses that recycle their profits into public 
good projects), new forms of public–private+community partnerships and cooperatives, have 
some potential to generate demonstrations of Positive Development. However, we need to go 
further and create mechanisms at government, community and industry levels that can roll 
over the financial savings from eco-retrofitting projects into other net positive projects. First, 
however, we need to be aware of the systemic biases against sustainable development that occur 
at the levels of design criteria, tools and methods, and management (in assessment and reporting 
processes), and at intellectual and paradigmatic levels. In all these areas, we need to move from 
a managerial to a design orientation. In the next chapter, we will explore some ideological biases 
in urban planning and design that currently stand in the way of the transition to net Positive 
Development.





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