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Chapter 1
1 IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)(2004)
World Disasters
Report 2004
, chapter 2 summary, available at www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/chapter2.asp.
2 van de Ryn, S. and S. Cowan (1996)
Ecological Design
, Island Press, Washington, DC.
3 Todd, J. (2002) ‘Environmental management tools’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability:
A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London.
4 Williams, K. and C. Dair (2006) ‘What is stopping sustainable building in England? Barriers
experienced by stakeholders in delivering sustainable developments’,
Sustainable Development
,
vol 15, pp135–147.
5 The sorcerer’s apprentice is a traditional story about how a little learning is a dangerous thing.
The apprentice tried to stop a broken water pipe using a mop. Misapplying his limited knowledge
of magic, the mops began to multiply. He ran around in ‘vicious circles’ trying to control the
mops.
6 Moore, R. (2002) ‘Adaptable housing’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook
of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p124.
7 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Construction ecology’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of
Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London.
8 See Poirrier, A. M. (2002) ‘Beyond the chemical barrier’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp148–152.
9 Indoor air pollution is one of the top four health hazards and contributes to many other health
conditions. Levels of indoor air pollution can be 10 times greater than those of outdoor air,
because indoor air not only concentrates outdoor air pollution, but also contributes toxins
from modern materials that off-gas volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and other toxic
substances.
10 Terry A. 2002, ‘Indoor air quality in buildings’, in J. Birkeland
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp143–147.
11 See Creighton, S. H. (2002) ‘Air quality problems in buildings’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p153.
12 Poirrier, A. M. (2002) ‘Beyond the chemical barrier’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability:
A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp148–152.
13 Mould can grow inside walls and can be toxic.
14 Danenburg, J. (2002) ‘Hemp architecture’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp205–208.
15 Marmot, M. (2004)
Status Syndrome:
How Your Social Standing Directly Affects Your Health and
Life Expectancy
, Bloomsbury and Henry Holt, New York.
16 Ibid.
17 The IPCC suggest that buildings could provide the largest single contribution to reduction targets
of CO
2
emissions – of up to 60 per cent.
18 Buildings are now being lit up with LEDs to create, in effect, giant electronic billboards; see
http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200701/200701250009.html.
19 For a short eco-efficiency checklist see WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable
354
Positive Development
Development) with DeSimone, L. D. and F. Popoff (2002) ‘Eco-efficiency checklist’, in J. Birkeland
(ed)
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London,
pp62–63.
20 The built environment uses 3 billion tons per annum or over 40 per cent of materials worldwide;
Roodman, D. M. and N. Lenssen (1995) ‘A building revolution: How ecology and health concerns
are transforming construction’, Worldwatch Paper 124, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.
21 The OECD agrees that the operation of buildings accounts for 25–40 per cent of final
energy consumption in the OECD area. This does not even count the energy consumed for
manufacturing building materials, which is roughly equal to operational energy; Takahiko
Hasegawa (2002) ‘Sustainable buildings’,
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