Why do we use trading instead of just requiring known eco-solutions?
Due to the influence of the dominant market ideology, and the prominence of economists and
accountants, the priority has been to use markets to address virtually any problem. Our academic
fields, professional cultures and decision systems have not evolved to equip us to ‘design’ problems
out of the system in the first place. Therefore we compensate for the collateral damage of economic
activity with indirect incentive systems. This may also be another example of the subtle preference
for mechanisms that shift responsibility from managers and decision-makers to producers and
consumers. To solve environmental problems through the market, however, we ordinarily need
to be able to put a monetary value on eco-services. This is like placing a monetary value on life.
Before trading schemes were conceived, the challenge for ecological economists was to translate
environmental issues into measurable entities. The author has heard several economists state that ‘if
something cannot be measured, it does not exist’. Similarly, some environmental managers state that
‘if something cannot be measured, it cannot be managed’. However, eco-services cannot be given a
‘meaningful’ quantitative value as, once again, we cannot measure complex systems. Since we cannot
measure nature, by that logic it does not exist [Box 42]. Nor does ‘society’ exist for that matter, as
the former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher famously proclaimed. Therefore, economists have
developed a range of devices for measuring eco-services indirectly. Perhaps the simplest is to measure
what it would cost to provide similar functions through industrial systems instead.
If eco-services do not have quantitative values, how can we trade them?
Trading schemes cleverly avoid the problem of measurement by using the market to set the price.
Incentives and trading systems, in a sense, avoid the measurement of eco-services. So trading schemes
for carbon reduction or sequestration have been designed and implemented despite the fact that
there is still scientific debate about how much carbon is (or can be) sequestered in the trees and
soils of different ecosystems as they vary so dramatically.
2
As forests become more stressed by lack
of water, for example, they begin to give out more carbon dioxide. This can accelerate the warming
of the climate which, in turn, increases the release of carbon dioxide from the soil and oceans in a
deleterious feedback loop. If we cannot be sure of the net effect of sequestration (a positive eco-
service), we cannot know its value. We can only measure the economic impacts. Eco-services have
economic value, of course, but numbers or dollars cannot really capture the value of life, because it
is infinite. Al Gore’s film
An Inconvenient Truth
showed a droll Powerpoint slide purportedly used
by ‘global warming sceptics’. It puts the Earth on one side of a scale and a bar of gold on another
and asks us to ‘choose’. Nonetheless, the economic value of eco-services to humanity in general was
calculated by some environmental economists back in 1997. They estimated the value of the Earth’s
ecosystem services at $33 trillion, which exceeded the economic contribution of all human activity
at the time (the GDP was estimated at $18 trillion).
3
And this estimate did not count many essential
eco-services, such as the cycling of
essential
nutrients through the system.
4
Nature’s economy is
bigger than man’s.
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