How would such institutional analyses help us create positive outcomes?
It is important to understand how inequitable resource transfers and costs, through all these
interconnected channels, become embedded in the built environment. The above examples can be
viewed as ‘negative’, because they work against future life quality options and democratic choice.
If we accept these systems, we can only debate how to re-distribute what is left over. However,
these institutional mechanisms do highlight areas where we can reverse, replace or re-design non-
sustainable systems [Boxes 52 and 53]. So, by mapping such resource transfers, we can get a more
balanced view of the consequences of the dominant approach to planning and development than
the ‘selective’ balance sheets created by our current assessment and auditing methods. Chapter 14
looks at how to turn negative resource transfers into positive ones, and Chapter 15 outlines a generic
process for action and investment in Positive Development. In the following section, we will examine
several ‘best practice’ planning and management methods for their potential to contribute to whole
systems improvements. But first, we will look at how we can improve upon current means to chart
progress and evaluate performance through sustainability reporting.
9
Sustainability
Reporting
From environmental
accounting to
management
accountability
For our purposes, the defining characteristic of environmental and/or sustainability reporting is that
it measures the management and operational performance of an organization. Whereas assessment
and auditing tools are concerned with the performance of physical structures, products or production
systems, reporting is intended to aid self-assessment and operational improvement. Some methods
touched on here are corporate environmental reporting (CeR), state of environment (SoE) reporting,
and ecologically sustainable development (ESD) reporting. Government and corporate environmental
management systems and corporate reporting are increasingly seen as
de rigueur
.
1
The focus of this
chapter is on public sector reporting.
2
Over the last decade, many local councils have developed
sustainability reporting processes in order to present ‘report cards’ to their communities. Reporting
can be mandated, but it is usually voluntary and thus, some feel, often driven by public relations. Yet
reporting can provide guidance on decisions, policies and priorities, as well as grade performance
retrospectively, so it is useful even if the individuals responsible have moved on.
The general approach is to select targets and periodically measure relevant indicators to track changes
in impacts on ecosystems, human health and life quality. There are now myriad sets of indicators
for physical, chemical, biological or socioeconomic phenomena. Some types of indicators include
environmental quality indicators (EQIs), urban sustainability indicators (USIs) and genuine progress
indicators (GPIs). Many local governments have now created their own indicators to reflect local
citizen participation and priorities. Government agencies are even beginning to apply sustainability
principles to the design of decision systems
as well as organizational performance. Most frequently,
however, urban sustainability indicators lack reference to the regional ecological context, such
as endangered ecosystems. There needs to be more work in integrating structures and decision
frameworks with sustainability goals, establishing creative policymaking or eco-innovation processes,
and tracing outcomes to specific actions. So the questions are whether reporting can:
•
Integrate sustainability considerations into decision-making
•
Align actions, decision structures and budgets with sustainability principles
148
Positive Development
•
Make government and industry genuinely more accountable
•
Encourage
direct action
on sustainability issues
•
Improve the performance and culture of management
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