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How would such institutional analyses help us create positive outcomes?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How would such institutional analyses help us create positive outcomes?
It is important to understand how inequitable resource transfers and costs, through all these 
interconnected channels, become embedded in the built environment. The above examples can be 
viewed as ‘negative’, because they work against future life quality options and democratic choice.
If we accept these systems, we can only debate how to re-distribute what is left over. However, 
these institutional mechanisms do highlight areas where we can reverse, replace or re-design non-
sustainable systems [Boxes 52 and 53]. So, by mapping such resource transfers, we can get a more 
balanced view of the consequences of the dominant approach to planning and development than 
the ‘selective’ balance sheets created by our current assessment and auditing methods. Chapter 14 
looks at how to turn negative resource transfers into positive ones, and Chapter 15 outlines a generic 
process for action and investment in Positive Development. In the following section, we will examine 
several ‘best practice’ planning and management methods for their potential to contribute to whole 
systems improvements. But first, we will look at how we can improve upon current means to chart 
progress and evaluate performance through sustainability reporting. 



Sustainability 
Reporting
 
From environmental 
accounting to 
management 
accountability
For our purposes, the defining characteristic of environmental and/or sustainability reporting is that 
it measures the management and operational performance of an organization. Whereas assessment 
and auditing tools are concerned with the performance of physical structures, products or production 
systems, reporting is intended to aid self-assessment and operational improvement. Some methods 
touched on here are corporate environmental reporting (CeR), state of environment (SoE) reporting, 
and ecologically sustainable development (ESD) reporting. Government and corporate environmental 
management systems and corporate reporting are increasingly seen as 
de rigueur
.
1
The focus of this 
chapter is on public sector reporting.
2
Over the last decade, many local councils have developed 
sustainability reporting processes in order to present ‘report cards’ to their communities. Reporting 
can be mandated, but it is usually voluntary and thus, some feel, often driven by public relations. Yet 
reporting can provide guidance on decisions, policies and priorities, as well as grade performance 
retrospectively, so it is useful even if the individuals responsible have moved on.
The general approach is to select targets and periodically measure relevant indicators to track changes 
in impacts on ecosystems, human health and life quality. There are now myriad sets of indicators 
for physical, chemical, biological or socioeconomic phenomena. Some types of indicators include 
environmental quality indicators (EQIs), urban sustainability indicators (USIs) and genuine progress 
indicators (GPIs). Many local governments have now created their own indicators to reflect local 
citizen participation and priorities. Government agencies are even beginning to apply sustainability 
principles to the design of decision systems
 
as well as organizational performance. Most frequently, 
however, urban sustainability indicators lack reference to the regional ecological context, such 
as endangered ecosystems. There needs to be more work in integrating structures and decision 
frameworks with sustainability goals, establishing creative policymaking or eco-innovation processes, 
and tracing outcomes to specific actions. So the questions are whether reporting can:

Integrate sustainability considerations into decision-making
• 
Align actions, decision structures and budgets with sustainability principles


148
Positive Development
• 
Make government and industry genuinely more accountable 
• 
Encourage 
direct action
on sustainability issues
• 
Improve the performance and culture of management

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