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What are some examples of how we ignore the costs of contextual systems?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What are some examples of how we ignore the costs of contextual systems?
We saw earlier how ‘sustainable’ transport plans often fail to compare the net impacts of cars to 
sustainable transport options.
34
Instead, they compare the costs of change to the incremental costs that 
would be incurred from this point on by continuing to provide more infrastructure for cars. Although 
the information is available, the negative impacts of 
existing
car-oriented transport systems are often 
not counted. Nor are they included in public debate. Similarly, assessments of solar technologies 
often still do not weigh in past and present resource transfers and subsidies to fossil fuel industries.
Or, even worse, they count these costs as ‘an investment’ that would be lost if we moved to more 
sustainable systems [Chapter 7]. Social impact assessments examine which groups may benefit or 


144
Positive Development
lose from a proposed programme or project, but it is usually in relation to what they had to begin 
with (how poor or rich they were).
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By ignoring the distributional impacts of 
existing
conditions 
in a regional analysis, we only see how much worse off people will be. Because our assessment and 
auditing methods only measure change from where we are, they do not consider reduced social 
options over time. Further, they do not look at the unjust enrichment of individuals. As means 
of survival are privatized in corporate or state bureaucracies, there is a gradual loss of democratic 
rights. Examining internalities as well as externalities would help to reveal the problems created by 
the concentration of wealth.
But how would we assess how transfers impact on sustainability?
We have said that keeping future options open, or increasing them, is the essence of sustainability.
Therefore, a major issue in sustainability auditing should be the adverse effects of existing systems on 
future options, social choice and substantive democracy over time. To examine the resource transfers 
that have already resulted from urban development and interventions in the natural environment, we 
could, for example, measure ‘negative space’ [Chapter 3]. This would reflect some of the distributional 
costs and benefits resulting from the alienation of natural capital, land, and ecosystem goods and 
services. Instead of just measuring the rate of decrease in natural capital stocks, then, we could 
look at the conversion of (public) space to private control. Negative space would be a measure of 
the reduction of access to the public estate, through the privatization of space or ‘enclosure’. By 
mapping resource transfers and existing inequities, and their spatial consequences, we have another 
basis for eco-retrofitting: to redress existing impediments to universal health and quality of life. The 
reduction of dead (lifeless) space or negative (privatized) space would be one indicator of design 
quality [Chapter 6]. By identifying resource transfers and the institutional structures that have caused 
social and environmental imbalances, we can find opportunities to reverse them through net Positive 
Development [Box 53].

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