‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


If virtuous cycles are possible, why are we stuck in vicious circles?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

If virtuous cycles are possible, why are we stuck in vicious circles?
Because of institutional design, politics is about competing interests, deals and tradeoffs, not 
designing win–win–win solutions. Political and bureaucratic processes favour general policies that 
place constituent group interests over direct action to solve problems. This coincidentally avoids 
accountability, as well as obtaining patronage and a kind of social pension upon retirement (known 
as the ‘revolving door’ between government and industry). Privatization creates powerful supporters 
for decision-makers, and outsourcing avoids responsibility for basic service provision (and sometimes 
civil rights). Recently, for example, the (then) Australian Federal Government denied compensation 
to a citizen who was erroneously locked up in a detention centre for illegal immigrants for 10 months.
The Government argued that since it had privatized this function, it was not responsible.
28
In terms 
of 
financial
balance sheets, of course, private management appears more efficient. This is because 
ecological rationality and social justice issues are left to governments (ie externalized by the private 
sector). Of course, neither public nor private sectors necessarily manage resources more wisely or 
poorly than the other. The difference is this: the more resources that special interests gain control 
over, the more power they have to determine future prices and resource allocation decisions outside 
of the democratic process [Chapter 13]. Yet the long-term effects on access to and control over the 
means of survival are not even in the public discourse. In Australia, renewable energy solutions 
have been kept off the shelves.
29
Many Americans and Australians complain about the price of fuel, 
yet few complain that their tax dollar subsidizes the fossil fuel industry and ecological destruction.


142
Positive Development
A framework that concentrates on a narrow range of negative impacts hides private gains made at 
public expense. Measurement of impacts can sometimes be difficult but, surprisingly, measurement 
of internalities (unjust enrichment) would be relatively easy.

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