‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


But if MFA can help find ways to value-add, do we still need design?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

But if MFA can help find ways to value-add, do we still need design?
We cannot significantly reduce the demand for resource extraction through mining, forestry, farming 
or ‘primary’ industry unless we change our ways (means and ends) of producing food and designing 
shelter. Our development systems must provide not only for basic human physical needs, equity and 
social satisfaction, but also for nature. We saw how the design of buildings, farming structures, and 
systems of construction and production are fundamental 
upstream
drivers of material and energy 
flows throughout the development system. But they also determine the future quality of land uses and 
eco-services 
downstream
(such as water quality, soil productivity, erosion, salinity and flood control).
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To achieve urban and regional sustainability, therefore, both construction and farming sectors need 
to be reconceived and re-designed as integral to the natural environment. It is not enough to reduce 
impacts on nature by efficiency, recycling and reuse. Cleaner production and resource efficiency 
in the farm, forest, fishery or factory will not be sufficient – unless and until they are designed to 
actually 
increase
natural capital. Both urban and agricultural development therefore need to be re-
designed as suppliers of ‘surplus’ eco-services [Chapter 1]. For example, we can re-design farms to 
provide the eco-services of carbon sequestration, wind energy production, biodiversity protection, 
catchment management and other eco-services [Chapter 11]. We can re-design cities to increase 
urban agriculture, mitigate climate change, and reduce transport between rural and urban areas.
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If 
governments and industry refuse to act, community groups could set the example by designing (cost-
neutral) eco-retrofits that save resources and turn urban dead spaces into eco-productive spaces.

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