error’ or a ‘plus point’ (+1? +2?) remains very subjective, judged by some in
terms of what the error reveals about language competence rather than about its
consequences for a user of the translation.
Let us not pretend that there are easy solutions to problems such as these. As
always, it is easier to diagnose than to suggest remedies. Nevertheless, the field
of language testing has made considerable progress in recent decades—as have
theories of testing and assessment in general—and it is surely time that some of
the more basic insights from these disciplines be applied to the business of
translator/ interpreter performance assessment.
WHAT’S NEEDED
As Gipps (1994:3) points out, the first question to be asked is: what is the
assessment for? In any translator/interpreter training programme, an initial
distinction needs to be made between
formative and
summative assessment. In
formative assessment, the main aim is to provide a source of continuous
feedback to teacher and learner concerning the progress of learning; that is, to
support the learning process.
Summative assessment, on the other hand, provides
evidence for decision-making (fitness to proceed to next unit, to be awarded
certification, a professional qualification, etc.) and takes place at the end of an
instructional course (or course unit). What is important is that translation or
interpreting exercises intended for the purpose of continuous feedback to trainees
should not be conceived as a series of mini-examinations of a summative kind. In
this way, a greater variety of exercise types can be introduced into the curriculum,
providing for an heuristic approach to the development of skills.
Second, we need to distinguish between
proficiency testing and
achievement
testing (see, e.g. Davies 1990:6–7). In proficiency testing, one is concerned with
judging the ability of the test taker to undertake a particular course of action,
such as exercising as a professional interpreter or embarking on a translator
training course. Achievement testing is based entirely on
what has been taught in
a particular curriculum. The relevance of this distinction is that, whereas an
unseen written translation text of a particular level of difficulty might serve as a
(kind of) proficiency test, its value as an achievement test is questionable in the
terms of Nord’s criticisms (see above). We believe that a greater role should be
accorded to achievement testing, particularly at the intermediate stages of
translator/interpreter training. After all, if the curriculum is not to be organized in
a random fashion but designed on principles such as those advocated
in Chapters
3
and
11
, there is everything to be gained from increasing trainees’ awareness of
curriculum objectives and stages in skill development.
A further distinction concerns the way in which test performances are rated.
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