quality of translations which is the subject of some of the works (Gouadec 1981;
House 1981; Sager 1983) referred to in the previous section. Now, the ability to
handle task specification and audience design, mentioned above, constitutes an
important translator skill; it is teachable and should therefore also be testable.
How then does this skill fit within the range of skills required of translators and
how might we, for the purposes of testing, arrive at a workable taxonomy of
translator abilities?
Hewson (1995) distinguishes translators’ linguistic competence and their
cultural competence, illustrating the latter by showing how cultural expectations
for a particular genre (information for users accompanying medicines in the UK
and in France) require considerable translator mediation. He proposes that
positive points should be awarded in assessment for evidence that the test taker has
correctly identified a translation problem of this order, before weighting is given
to the particular solution adopted. In this way, cultural competence is always
assessed and not obscured by any target language grammatical error, say, which
happens to occur at the same juncture in the text. In addition to linguistic and
cultural competences, Nord (1991) lists ‘transfer’ competence and ‘factual and
research’ competence. These are, of course, important components of the
translator’s set of skills and it is an obvious (yet sometimes neglected) point that
no amount of testing by means of an unseen written text without use of reference
works will provide evidence of translators’ research and reference skill.
An alternative approach provides some additions to and a different perspective
upon the translator abilities so far identified. Bachman’s (1990) analysis of
communicative language ability identifies three broad categories of knowledge
and skills,
10
namely, organizational competence (including grammatical
competence and textual competence); pragmatic competence (including
illocutionary competence and sociolinguistic competence, this latter including
register, dialect, etc.); strategic competence (judging relevance, effectiveness and
efficiency; forming plans for the achievement of communicative goals). This
analysis is comparable to aspects of the model outlined in
Chapter 2
and,
drawing on both analyses and incorporating the translation-specific points
mentioned earlier, we arrive at the set of translator abilities listed in
Figure 12.1
.
The division into a three-stage process (source text processing/ transfer/target text
processing) is to some extent artificial, given that these activities are at least
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