SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT:
AGES 3 THROUGH 13
Much as the quality of a child’s early attachment experience has a
profound and lasting impact on social and emotional development,
attachment theory does not easily lend itself to clinical or forensic
application beyond age 3 (Garber, 2009).
12
Social and emotional matu-
rity can be observed, however, in the developmentally appropriate tasks
Chapter 5
Social and Emotional Development
83
of the years to follow. In the period culminating in adolescence, these
are the tasks of self-regulation.
The seeds of self-regulatory skills are planted in the soil of early
attachment security and are thereafter facilitated (or hindered) by inter-
personal experience, linguistic development, and explicit training, be-
ginning as young as 18 to 30 months (Berk, Mann, & Ogan, 2006;
Niles, Reynolds, & Nagasawa, 2006). Subsequent development moves
forward such that, “[the] well-regulated children can wait for a turn,
resist the temptation to grab a desired object from another child, clean
up after a play period with little or no adult prompting, willingly help
another child or adult with a task, and persist at a challenging activity.
Such children also actively try to control negative emotion, often by
talking to themselves (‘I’ll get a chance soon’) or changing their goals
(when one activity isn’t possible, turning to another)” (Berk, Mann, &
Ogan, 2006, p. 74).
The developing capacity for self-regulation has been related to peer
popularity (Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie, & Reiser, 2000), risk of physical
illness (Kligler & Lee, 2004), and quality of academic achievement. As
Dickinson and Neuman (2006, p. 16) observe:
The capacity for self-regulation is increasingly coming to be seen as essen-
tial to social development and the ability to learn in school. Preschoolers
with effective regulatory skills are better able to form positive relations
with peers and teachers
…
evidence greater social competence in kindergar-
ten
…
[and]greater behavioral self-regulation skills and achievement.
Self-regulation is seen to have particular meaning for coping under
stress, including and especially the stresses associated with divorce:
Children who are better able to self-regulate may be more likely to delay
immediate maladaptive responses to stress, such as acting out behaviorally,
and may use active coping strategies more adaptively to change stressful
situations. They may be better at sustaining attention and persisting in
focusing on problem-solving tasks. They may also be more flexible and
adaptable in employing active coping strategies to meet the demands of
the situation. (Lengua & Sandler, 1996)
Four particular skills mark a child’s social and emotional development
through this period. These are: (a) emotional balance—the capacity
to recover from upset; (b) impulse control—the capacity to tolerate
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